Hydrogel particles with tunable optical properties and methods for using the same

ABSTRACT

Hydrogel particles and their use in cytometric applications are described. The hydrogel particles described herein are selectively tunable to have at least one optical property substantially similar to at least one optical property of a target cell. In this regard, the hydrogel particles provided herein, in one aspect, are used as a calibration reagent for the detection of a target cell in a sample.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/625,394, filed Jun. 16, 2017, which in turn is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/018,769, filed Feb. 8, 2016, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,714,897, which in turn claims priority to and benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/114,004, filed Feb. 9, 2015 and U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/184,192, filed Jun. 24, 2015; this application is also a continuation of PCT/US16/17029, filed Feb. 8, 2016, which in turn also claims priority to and benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Nos. 62/114,004 and No. 62/184,192; each of the aforementioned applications is incorporated by reference herein in their entireties.

BACKGROUND

Flow cytometry is a technique that allows for the rapid separation, counting, and characterization of individual cells and is routinely used in clinical and laboratory settings for a variety of applications. The technology relies on directing a beam of light onto a hydrodynamically-focused stream of liquid. A number of detectors are then aimed at the point where the stream passes through the light beam: one in line with the light beam (Forward Scatter or FSC) and several perpendicular to it (Side Scatter or SSC). FSC correlates with the cell volume and SSC depends on the inner complexity of the particle (e.g., shape of the nucleus, the amount and type of cytoplasmic granules or the membrane roughness). As a result of these correlations, different specific cell types exhibit different FSC and SSC, allowing cell types to be distinguished in flow cytometry.

The ability to identify specific cell types, however, relies on proper calibration of the instrument, a process that has relied on the use of purified cells of the cell type of interest. Obtaining these purified cells can require costly, laborious procedures that are prone to batch-to-batch variation. Therefore, there is a need in the art for synthetic compositions with tunable optical properties that can mimic specific cell types in devices such as flow cytometers.

SUMMARY

In one aspect of the invention, a hydrogel particle comprising a polymerized monomer and having at least one surface is provided. The hydrogel particle has at least one optical property that is substantially similar to the at least one optical property of a target cell. The optical property in one embodiment, is a side scatter profile (SSC), forward scatter profile (FSC), a fluorescence emission profile, or a combination thereof. The target cell can be any target cell that the user specifies. For example, in one embodiment, the target cell is an immune cell, stem cell or cancer cell.

In another aspect, a method for calibrating a cytometric device for analysis of a target cell, is provided. In one embodiment, the method comprises inserting into the device a hydrogel particle having at least one optical property substantially similar to a target cell, wherein the hydrogel particle comprises a polymerized monomer and has at least one surface. The method further comprises measuring the at least one optical property of the hydrogel particle using the cytometric device. The at least one optical property in one embodiment, is used as a reference to detect a target cell in a sample.

In yet another aspect, a method for detecting a target cell in a sample is provided. The method comprises inserting into the device a hydrogel particle having at least one optical property substantially similar to a target cell, wherein the hydrogel particle comprises a polymerized monomer. The method further comprises measuring the at least one optical property of the hydrogel particle using the cytometric device. A sample comprising a plurality of cells is inserted into the cytometric device, and the at least one optical property of individual cells of the plurality are measured. Finally, a determination is made, based on the optical property measurement, whether the target cell or plurality thereof is present in the sample.

In one embodiment of the methods provided herein, the hydrogel particle comprises a biodegradable monomer. In some embodiments, biodegradable monomers and/or biocompatible particles are configured such that they can be used with and in sorting cells that are re-introduced into a biological system without presenting a risk if a particle also goes into the biological system. In a further embodiment, the biodegradable monomer is a monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide, peptide, protein, or protein domain. In even a further embodiment, the biodegradable monomer is functionalized with acrylamide or acrylate.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 illustrates the optical properties of disclosed hydrogel particles compared to polystyrene beads.

FIG. 2 depicts the process of producing labeled hydrogel particles of the disclosure.

FIG. 3 provides brightfield and fluorescent images of labeled hydrogel particles of the disclosure.

FIG. 4 illustrates the use of hydrogel particles of the disclosure as calibrants for cell types displaying a variety of optical scattering properties.

FIG. 5 provides dating showing correlation of inter-drop delay for a flow cytometer with hydrogel particle diameter.

FIG. 6 provides brightfield (6A and 6C) and fluorescent (6B and 6D) images of Chinese Hamster Ovary cells (6A and 6B) and hydrogel particles of the disclosure (6C and 6D).

FIG. 7 provides data showing comparison of human buccal cells to hydrogel particles encapsulating different amounts of DNA, as measured by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS).

FIG. 8 provides data for hydrogel particles encapsulating nanoparticles at different concentrations, demonstrating tuning of side scattering independent of forward scattering.

FIG. 9 provides data for hydrogel particles produced with different percentages of polymer, demonstrating tuning of refractive index measured by forward scattering.

FIG. 10 shows one embodiment of hydrogel parameter tuning to match and/or mimic desired cell population metrics.

FIGS. 11 and 12 are diagrams showing embodiments of how to adjust the forward scatter, side scatter and surface properties of a hydrogel particle.

FIG. 13 are scatter plots for various hydrogel particles (A) and (B) and a commercial blood sample (C).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The indefinite articles “a” and “an” and the definite article “the” are intended to include both the singular and the plural, unless the context in which they are used clearly indicates otherwise.

“At least one” and “one or more” are used interchangeably to mean that the article may include one or more than one of the listed elements.

Unless otherwise indicated, it is to be understood that all numbers expressing quantities, ratios, and numerical properties of ingredients, reaction conditions, and so forth, used in the specification and claims are contemplated to be able to be modified in all instances by the term “about”.

Several critical calibration measurements for flow cytometers require precise time resolution, such as setting the offset time between lasers, and calculating the delay time between detection and sorting of an object. Due to the fluidic conditions within the instrument, precise setting of these timing parameters requires the use of calibration particles that are the same size as the cells to be analyzed. Timing calibrations are typically performed using polystyrene beads with variable fluorescent intensities to calibrate the response of an excitation source and to set the inter-laser timing delay and sorting delay. Flow cytometers can also be calibrated using forward and side scatter signals which are general measures of size and granularity or complexity of the target sample. These calibrations are crucial for the accurate performance of the cytometer and for any downstream analysis or sorting of cell populations. The disclosed hydrogel particles exhibit tuned scatter properties and are suitable for use as calibration reagents for a range of mammalian or bacterial cell types. Scattering is a standard metric for distinguishing cell types in heterogeneous mixtures for clinical, food safety, and research purposes.

Although polystyrene particles can be used to set inter-laser and sorting delays for some applications, many eukaryotic cell types fall outside of the size range of commercially available polystyrene particles (1-20 μm) making it nearly impossible to accurately calibrate a flow cytometer for these targets. Also, as shown in FIG. 1 , polystyrene particles are fundamentally limited in the optical properties that can possess such as side scattering, which is a general measure of cellular complexity. Polystyrene particles are therefore limited in the two most important passive optical measurements used in flow cytometry: FSC (forward scattering), and SSC (side scattering) which measure the size and complexity of the target respectively. Due to these limitations of polystyrene, users must rely on purified cell lines to calibrate fluorescent intensity, inter-laser delay, sort delays, size and cellular complexity for experiments. This is a lengthy and labor-intensive process that increases the cost of flow cytometry validation and research pipelines significantly. More importantly, these calibration cell lines introduce biological variation, causing disparities in the interpretation of data.

Moreover, quality control (QC) for calibration of flow cytometers is also a crucial consideration when these instruments are used for clinical applications, for example, to isolate human T-regulatory cells or stem cells for downstream cellular therapies. The FDA mandates that the sterility, identity, purity, and potency of a cell therapy product be demonstrated before administration to patients (Riley et al. (2009). Immunity 30, pp. 656-665). Contamination of a cellular population with polystyrene QC particles could therefore be problematic, as polystyrene has been implicated in certain cancers. Additionally, a cellular population that is contaminated with a QC standard that is enzymatically degraded or digested internally after administration to a patient potentially overcomes contamination issues, should they arise.

The present invention addresses these and other needs, as discussed below.

In one aspect, a composition comprising a plurality of hydrogel particles is provided, wherein the individual hydrogel particles of the plurality each has one or more optical properties substantially similar to one or more optical properties of a target cell. Each of the individual hydrogel particles of the plurality independently comprises a hydrogel which is synthesized by polymerizing one or more monomers, i.e., to form a homopolymer or copolymer. As discussed further below, the use of bifunctional monomers allows for the further derivatization of hydrogels, e.g., with fluorescent dyes, cell surface markers or epitope binding fragments thereof, or a combination thereof. An example of hydrogel parameter tuning to meet/match desired cell subpopulation metrics is provided at FIG. 10 . Methods for tuning the properties of a hydrogel are described herein. The ability to adjust a range of parameters including hydrogel components and concentration of the same allows for the ability to tune a particle to mimic a wide range of cells, for example one of the cell types described herein.

As provided above, in one aspect, the present invention provides individual hydrogel particles each having one or more optical properties substantially similar to one or more optical properties of a target cell. In one embodiment, the one or more optical properties, is a side scatter profile, a forward scatter profile or a secondary marker profile, such as a fluorescence marker profile, for example a fluorescence marker profile of a fluorescently-labeled antibody that binds to the surface of the hydrogel particle. “Substantially similar,” as used herein, denotes at least 40% similar, at least 50% similar, at least 60% similar, at least 70% similar, at least 80% similar, at least 90% similar, at least 95% similar, at least 96% similar, at least 97% similar, at least 98% similar or at least 99% similar.

The present invention is based in part on the unexpected discovery that one or more optical properties of a hydrogel particle can be independently modulated by altering the composition of the hydrogel particle, for example, by altering the amount of initial monomer (or co-monomer) in the composition, by altering the surface functionalization, by altering the amount of a polymerization initiator or by altering the amount of crosslinker. For example, side scattering (SSC) can be modulated without substantially affecting forward scattering (FSC), and vice versa. Furthermore, the optical properties (e.g. refractive index) of hydrogel particles can be tuned without having a substantial effect on density of the particle. This is a surprising and useful feature, as hydrogel particles that serve as surrogates for cells in cytometric methods such as flow cytometry or (fluorescence-activated cell sorting) FACS require a minimal density in order to function in those assays.

In another aspect, a method for producing a hydrogel particle is provided, wherein the hydrogel particle has one or more optical properties substantially similar to the optical properties of one or more target cells. In one embodiment, the hydrogel particle has pre-determined optical properties. The optical property, in one embodiment, is SSC, FSC, fluorescence emission, or a combination thereof.

In yet another aspect, a method of calibrating a cytometric device for analysis of a target cell is provided. In one embodiment, the method comprises (a) inserting into the device a hydrogel particle having optical properties substantially similar to the optical properties of the target cell; b) measuring the optical properties of the hydrogel particle using the cytometric device, thereby calibrating the cytometric device for analysis of the target cell. Cytometric devices are known in the art, and include commercially available devices for performing flow cytometry and FACS.

As provided above, in one aspect of the invention, compositions comprising a plurality of hydrogel particles are provided. A hydrogel is a material comprising a macromolecular three-dimensional network that allows it to swell when in the presence of water, to shrink in the absence of (or by reduction of the amount of) water, but not dissolve in water. The swelling, i.e., the absorption of water, is a consequence of the presence of hydrophilic functional groups attached to or dispersed within the macromolecular network. Crosslinks between adjacent macromolecules result in the aqueous insolubility of these hydrogels. The cross-links may be due to chemical (i.e., covalent) or physical (i.e., VanDer Waal forces, hydrogen-bonding, ionic forces, etc.) bonds. Synthetically prepared hydrogels can be prepared by polymerizing a monomeric material to form a backbone and cross-linking the backbone with a crosslinking agent. As referred to herein, the term “hydrogel” refers to the macromolecular material whether dehydrated or in a hydrated state. A characteristic of a hydrogel that is of particular value is that the material retains the general shape, whether dehydrated or hydrated. Thus, if the hydrogel has an approximately spherical shape in the dehydrated condition, it will be spherical in the hydrated condition.

In one embodiment, a hydrogel particle disclosed herein comprises greater than about 30%, greater than about 40%, greater than about 50%, greater than about 55%, greater than about 60%, greater than about 65%, greater than about 70%, greater than about 75%, greater than about 80%, greater than about 85%, greater than about 90%, or greater than about 95% water. In another embodiment, a hydrogel particle has a water content of about 10 percent by weight to about 95 percent by weight, or about 20 percent by weight to about 95 percent by weight, or about 30 percent by weight to about 95 percent by weight, or about 40 percent by weight to about 95 percent by weight, or about 50 percent by weight to about 95 percent by weight, or about 60 percent by weight to about 95 percent by weight, or about 70 percent by weight to about 95 percent by weight, or about 80 percent by weight to about 95 percent by weight.

The hydrogels provided herein, in the form of particles, are synthesized by polymerizing one or more of the monomers provided herein. The synthesis is carried out to form individual hydrogel particles. The monomeric material (monomer) in one embodiment is polymerized to form a homopolymer. However, in another embodiment copolymers of different monomeric units (i.e., co-monomers) are synthesized and used in the methods provided herein. The monomer or co-monomers used in the methods and compositions described herein, in one embodiment, is a bifunctional monomer or includes a bifunctional monomer (where co-monomers are employed). In one embodiment, the hydrogel is synthesized in the presence of a crosslinker. In a further embodiment, embodiment, the hydrogel is synthesized in the presence of a polymerization initiator.

The amount of monomer can be varied by the user of the invention, for example to obtain a particular optical property that is substantially similar to that of a target cell. In one embodiment, the monomeric component(s) (i.e., monomer, co-monomer, bifunctional monomer, or a combination thereof, for example, bis/acrylamide in various crosslinking ratios, allyl amine or other co-monomers which provide chemical functionality for secondary labeling/conjugation or alginate is present at about 10 percent by weight to about 95 percent weight of the hydrogel. In a further embodiment, the monomeric component(s) is present at about 15 percent by weight to about 90 percent weight of the hydrogel, or about 20 percent by weight to about 90 percent weight of the hydrogel.

Examples of various monomers and cross-linking chemistries available for use with the present invention are provided in the Thermo Scientific Crosslinking Technical Handbook entitled “Easy molecular bonding crosslinking technology,” (available at tools.lifetechnologies.com/content/sfs/brochures/1602163-Crosslinking-Reagents-Handbook.pdf, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes. For example, hydrazine (e.g., with an NHS ester compound) or EDC coupling reactions (e.g., with a maleimide compound) can be used to construct the hydrogels of the invention.

In one embodiment, a monomer for use with the hydrogels provided herein is lactic acid, glycolic acid, acrylic acid, 1-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), propylene glycol methacrylate, acrylamide, N-vinylpyrrolidone (NVP), methyl methacrylate, glycidyl methacrylate, glycerol methacrylate (GMA), glycol methacrylate, ethylene glycol, fumaric acid, a derivatized version thereof, or a combination thereof.

In one embodiment, one or more of the following monomers is used herein to form a hydrogel of the present invention: 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, hydroxyethoxyethyl methacrylate, hydroxydiethoxyethyl methacrylate, methoxyethyl methacrylate, methoxyethoxyethyl methacrylate, methoxydiethoxyethyl methacrylate, poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate, methoxy-poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate, methacrylic acid, sodium methacrylate, glycerol methacrylate, hydroxypropyl methacrylate, hydroxybutyl methacrylate or a combination thereof.

In another embodiment, one or more of the following monomers is used herein to form a tunable hydrogel: phenyl acrylate, phenyl methacrylate, benzyl acrylate, benzyl methacrylate, 2-phenylethyl acrylate, 2-phenylethyl methacrylate, 2-phenoxyethyl acrylate, 2-phenoxyethyl methacrylate, phenylthioethyl acrylate, phenylthioethyl methacrylate, 2,4,6-tribromophenyl acrylate, 2,4,6-tribromophenyl methacrylate, pentabromophenyl acrylate, pentabromophenyl methacrylate, pentachlorophenyl acrylate, pentachlorophenyl methacrylate, 2,3-dibromopropyl acrylate, 2,3-dibromopropyl methacrylate, 2-naphthyl acrylate, 2-naphthyl methacrylate, 4-methoxybenzyl acrylate, 4-methoxybenzyl methacrylate, 2-benzyloxyethyl acrylate, 2-benzyloxyethyl methacrylate, 4-chlorophenoxyethyl acrylate, 4-chlorophenoxyethyl methacrylate, 2-phenoxyethoxyethyl acrylate, 2-phenoxyethoxyethyl methacrylate, N-phenyl acrylamide, N-phenyl methacrylamide, N-benzyl acrylamide, N-benzyl methacrylamide, N,N-dibenzyl acrylamide, N,N-dibenzyl methacrylamide, N-diphenylmethyl acrylamide N-(4-methylphenyl)methyl acrylamide, N-1-naphthyl acrylamide, N-4-nitrophenyl acrylamide, N-(2-phenylethyl)acrylamide, N-triphenylmethyl acrylamide, N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acrylamide, N,N-methylphenyl acrylamide, N,N-phenyl phenylethyl acrylamide, N-diphenylmethyl methacrylamide, N-(4-methyl phenyl)methyl methacrylamide, N-1-naphthyl methacrylamide, N-4-nitrophenyl methacrylamide, N-(2-phenylethyl)methacrylamide, N-triphenylmethyl methacrylamide, N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)methacrylamide, N,N-methylphenyl methacrylamide, N,N′-phenyl phenylethyl methacrylamide, N-vinylcarbazole, 4-vinylpyridine, 2-vinylpyridine, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,657,030, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein for all purposes.

Both synthetic monomers and bio-monomers can be used in the hydrogels provided herein, to form synthetic hydrogels, bio-hydrogels, or hybrid hydrogels that comprise a synthetic component and a bio-component (e.g., peptide, protein, monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide, primary amines sulfhydryls, carbonyls, carbohydrates, carboxylic acids present on a biolmolecule). For example, proteins, peptides or carbohydrates can be used as individual monomers to form a hydrogel that includes or does not include a synthetic monomer (or polymer) and in combination with chemically compatible co-monomers and crosslinking chemistries (see for example, the Thermo Scientific Crosslinking Technical Handbook entitled “Easy molecular bonding crosslinking technology,” available at tools.lifetechnologies.com/content/sfs/brochures/1602163-Crosslinking-Reagents-Handbook.pdf, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes). Compatible crosslinking chemistries include, but are not limited to, amines, carboxyls, and other reactive chemical side groups. Representative reactive groups amenable for use in the hydrogels and monomers described herein are provided in Table 1, below.

TABLE 1 Crosslinker reactive groups amenable for bio-monomer conjugation Target functional Reactivity class group Reactive chemical group Amine reactive —NH₂ NHS ester Imidoester Penafluorophenyl ester Hydroxymethyl phosphine Carboxyl-to-amine reactive —COOH Carbodiimide (e.g., EDC) Sulfhydryl-reactive —SH Maeleimide Haloacetyl (bromo- or iodo-) Pyridylisulfide Thiosulfonate Vinylsulfonate Aldehyde-reactive (oxidized —CHO Hydrazine sugars, carbonyls) Alkoxyamine Photo-reactive, i.e., Random Diazirine nonselective, random insertion Aryl azide Hydroxyl (nonaqueous)-reactive —OH Isocyanate Azide-reactive —N3 phosphine

In general, any form of polymerization chemistry/methods commonly known by those skilled in the art, can be employed to form polymers. In some embodiments, polymerization can be catalyzed by ultraviolet light-induced radical formation and reaction progression. In other embodiments, a hydrogel particle of the disclosure is produced by the polymerization of acrylamide or the polymerization of acrylate. For example, the acrylamide in one embodiment is a polymerizable carbohydrate derivatized acrylamide as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,107,365, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes. As described therein and known to those of ordinary skill in the art, specific attachment of acrylamide groups to sugars is readily adapted to a range of monosaccharides and higher order polysaccharides, e.g., synthetic polysaccharides or polysaccharides derived from natural sources, such as glycoproteins found in serum or tissues.

In one embodiment, an acrylate-functionalized poly(ethylene) glycol monomer is used as a hydrogel monomer. For example, the PEG in one embodiment is an acrylate or acrylamide functionalized PEG.

In some embodiments, a hydrogel particle comprises a monofunctional monomer polymerized with at least one bifunctional monomer. One example includes, but is not limited to, the formation of poly-acrylamide polymers using acrylamide and bis-acrylamide (a bifunctional monomer). In another embodiment, a hydrogel particle provided herein comprises a bifunctional monomer polymerized with a second bifunctional monomer. One example include, but is not limited to, the formation of polymers with mixed composition containing compatible chemistries such as acrylamide, bis-acrylamide, and bis-acrylamide structural congeners containing a wide range of additional chemistries. The range of chemically compatible monomers, bifunctional monomers, and mixed compositions is obvious to those skilled in the art and follows chemical reactivity principles know to those skilled in the art. (reference Thermo handbook and acrylamide polymerization handbook). See, for example, the Thermo Scientific Crosslinking Technical Handbook entitled “Easy molecular bonding crosslinking technology,” (available at tools.lifetechnologies.com/content/sfs/brochures/1602163-Crosslinking-Reagents-Handbook.pdf) and the Polyacrylamide Emulsions Handbook (SNF Floerger, available at snf.com.au/downloads/Emulsion_Handbook_E.pdf), the disclosure of each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.

In one embodiment, a hydrogel particle provided herein comprises a polymerizable monofunctional monomer and is a monofunctional acrylic monomer. Non-limiting examples of monofunctional acrylic monomers for use herein are acrylamide; methaciylamide; N-alkylacrylamides such as N-ethylacrylamide, N-isopropylacrylamide or N-tertbutylacrylamide; N-alkylmethaciylamides such as N-ethylmethacrylamide or Nisopropylmethacrylamide; N,N-dialkylacrylamides such as N,N-dimethylacrylamide and N,N-diethyl-acrylamide; N-[(dialkylamino)alkyl]acrylamides such as N-[3dimethylamino) propyl]acrylamide or N-[3-(diethylamino)propyl]acrylamide; N-[(dialkylamino) alkyl]methacrylamides such as N-[3-dimethylamino)propyl]methacrylamide or N-[3-(diethylamino) propyl]methacrylamide; (dialkylamino)alkyl acrylates such as 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl acrylate, 2-(dimethylamino)propyl acrylate, or 2-(diethylamino)ethyl acrylates; and (dialkylamino) alkyl methacrylates such as 2-(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate.

A bifunctional monomer is any monomer that can polymerize with a monofunctional monomer of the disclosure to form a hydrogel as described herein that further contains a second functional group that can participate in a second reaction, e.g., conjugation of a fluorophore or cell surface receptor (or domain thereof).

In some embodiments, a bifunctional monomer is selected from the group consisting of: allyl amine, allyl alcohol, allyl isothiocyanate, allyl chloride, and allyl maleimide.

A bifunctional monomer can be a bifunctional acrylic monomer. Non-limiting examples of bifunctional acrylic monomers are N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide, N,N′methylene bismethacrylamide, N,N′-ethylene bisacrylamide, N,N′-ethylene bismethacrylamide, N,N′propylene bisacrylamide and N,N′-(1,2-dihydroxyethylene) bisacrylamide.

Higher-order branched chain and linear co-monomers can be substituted in the polymer mix to adjust the refractive index while maintaining polymer density, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,657,030, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes.

In some embodiments, a hydrogel comprises a molecule that modulates the optical properties of the hydrogel. Molecules capable of altering optical properties of a hydrogel are discussed further below.

In one embodiment, an individual hydrogel particle or a plurality thereof comprises a biodegradable polymer as a hydrogel monomer. In one embodiment, the biodegradable polymer is a poly(esters) based on polylactide (PLA), polyglycolide (PGA), polycaprolactone (PCL), and their copolymers. In one embodiment, the biodegradable polymer is a carbohydrate or a protein, or a combination thereof. For example, in one embodiment, a monosaccharide, disaccharide or polysaccharide, (e.g., glucose, sucrose, or maltodextrin) peptide, protein (or domain thereof) is used as a hydrogel monomer. Other biodegradable polymers include poly(hydroxyalkanoate)s of the PHB-PHV class, additional poly(ester)s, and natural polymers, for example, modified poly(saccharide)s, e.g., starch, cellulose, and chitosan. In another embodiment, the biocompatible polymer is an adhesion protein, cellulose, a carbohydrate, a starch (e.g., maltodextrin, 2-hydroxyethyl starch, alginic acid), a dextran, a lignin, a polyaminoacid, an amino acid, or chitin. Such biodegradable polymers are available commercially, for example, from Sigma. Aldrich (St. Louis, Mo.).

The protein in one embodiment comprises only natural amino acids. However, the invention is not limited thereto. For example, self-assembling artificial proteins and proteins with non-natural amino acids (e.g., those incorporated into non-ribosomal peptides or synthetically introduced via synthetic approaches, see for example, Zhang et al. (2013). Current Opinion in Structural Biology 23, pp. 581-587, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes), or protein domains thereof, can also be used as hydrogel monomers. The range of non-natural (unnatural) amino acids that can be incorporated into such compositions is well known to those skilled in the art (Zhang et al. (2013). Current Opinion in Structural Biology 23, pp. 581-587; incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes). The biodegradable polymer in one embodiment, is used as a co-monomer, i.e., in a mixture of monomers. The biodegradable polymer in one embodiment is a bifunctional monomer.

The biomonomer, in one embodiment, is functionalized with acrylamide or acrylate. For example, in one embodiment, the polymerizable acrylamide functionalized biomolecule is an acrylamide or acrylate functionalized protein (for example, an acrylamide functionalized collagen or functionalized collagen domain), an acrylamide or acrylate functionalized peptide, or an acrylamide or acrylate functionalized monosaccharide, disaccharide or polysaccharide.

Any monosaccharide, disaccharide or polysaccharide (functionalized or otherwise) can be used as a hydrogel monomer. In one embodiment, an acrylamide or acrylate functionalized monosaccharide, disaccharide or polysaccharide is used as a polymerizable hydrogel monomer. In one embodiment, a structural polysaccharide is used as a polymerizable hydrogel monomer. In a further embodiment, the structural polysaccharide is an arabinoxylan, cellulose, chitin or a pectin. In another embodiment, alginic acid (alginate) is used as a polymerizable hydrogel monomer. In yet another embodiment, a glycosaminoglycan (GAG) is used as a polymerizable monomer in the hydrogels provided herein. In a further embodiment, the GAG is chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, keratin sulfate, heparin, heparin sulfate or hyaluronic acid (also referred to in the art as hyaluron or hyaluronate) is used as a polymerizable hydrogel monomer. The additional range of compatible biomonomers and their reactive chemistries are known be individuals skilled in the art and follow general chemical reactivity principles.

An additional range of biocompatible monomers that can be incorporated are known in the art, see, for example the non-degradable biocompatible monomers disclosed in Shastri (2003). Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 4, pp. 331-337, incorporated by reference herein in its entirety for all purposes. Other monomers are provided in de Moraes Porto (2012). Polymer Biocompatibility, Polymerization, Dr. Ailton De Souza Gomes (Ed.), ISBN: 978-953-51-0745-3; InTech, DOI: 10.5772/47786; Heller et al. (2010). Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 49, pp. 650-661; Final Report for Biocompatible Materials (2004), The Board of the Biocompatible Materials and the Molecular Engineering in Polymer Science programmes, ISBN 91-631-4985-0, the disclosure of each of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

Biocompatible monomers for use with the hydrogels described herein include in one embodiment, ethyleglycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA), 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), methylmethacrylte (MMA), methacryloxymethyltrimethylsilane (TMS-MA), N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidon (N-VP), styrene, or a combination thereof.

Naturally occurring hydrogels useful in this invention include various polysaccharides available from natural sources such as plants, algae, fungi, yeasts, marine invertebrates and arthropods. Non-limiting examples include agarose, dextrans, chitin, cellulose-based compounds, starch, derivatized starch, and the like. These generally will have repeating glucose units as a major portion of the polysaccharide backbone. Cross-linking chemistries for such polysaccharides are known in the art, see for example Thermo Scientific Crosslinking Technical Handbook entitled “Easy molecular bonding crosslinking technology,” (available at tools.lifetechnologies.com/content/sfs/brochures/1602163-Crosslinking-Reagents-Handbook.pdf).

Hyaluronan in one embodiment is used as a hydrogel monomer (either as a single monomer or as a co-monomer). Hyaluronan in one embodiment, is functionalized, for example with acrylate or acrylamide. Hyaluronan is a high molecular weight GAG composed of disaccharide repeating units of N-acetylglucosamine and glucuronic acid linked together through alternating β-1,4 and β-1,3 glycosidic bonds. In the human body, hyaluronate is found in several soft connective tissues, including skin, umbilical cord, synovial fluid, and vitreous humor. Accordingly, in one embodiment, where one or more optical properties of a skin cell, umbilical cord cell or vitreous humor cell is desired to be mimicked, in one embodiment, hyaluronan is used as a hydrogel monomer. Methods for fabricating hydrogel particles are described in Xu et al. (2012). Soft Matter. 8, pp. 3280-3294, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein in its entirety for all purposes. As described therein, hyaluronan can be derivatized with various reactive handles depending on the desired cross-linking chemistry and other monomers used to form a hydrogel particle.

In yet other embodiments, chitosan, a linear polysaccharide composed of randomly distributed β-(1-4)-linked D-glucosamine (deacetylated unit) and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (acetylated unit), is used as a hydrogel monomer (either as a single monomer or as a co-monomer).

Other polysaccharides for use as a hydrogel monomer or co-monomer include but are not limited to, agar, agarose, alginic acid, alguronic acid, alpha glucan, amylopectin, amylose, arabinoxylan, beta-glucan, callose, capsullan, carrageenan polysaccharides (e.g., kappa, iota or lambda class), cellodextrin, cellulin, cellulose, chitin, chitosan, chrysolaminarin, curdlan, cyclodextrin, alpha-cyclodextrin, dextrin, ficoll, fructan, fucoidan, galactoglucomannan, galactomannan, galactosaminoogalactan, gellan gum, glucan, glucomannan, glucorunoxylan, glycocalyx, glycogen, hemicellulose, homopolysaccharide, hypromellose, icodextrin, inulin, kefiran, laminarin, lentinan, levan polysaccharide, lichenin, mannan, mixed-linkage glucan, paramylon, pectic acid, pectin, pentastarch, phytoglycogen, pleuran, polydextrose, polysaccharide peptide, porphyran, pullulan, schizophyllan, sinistrin, sizofiran, welan gum, xanthan gum, xylan, xyloglucan, zymosan, or a combination thereof. As described throughout, depending on the desired cross-linking chemistry and/or additional co-monomers employed in the hydrogel, the polysaccharide can be further functionalized. For example, one or more of the polysaccharides described herein in one embodiment is functionalized with acrylate or acrylamide.

In one embodiment, an individual hydrogel particle or a plurality thereof comprises a peptide, protein, a protein domain, or a combination thereof as a hydrogel monomer or plurality thereof. In a further embodiment, the protein is a structural protein, or a domain thereof, for example, such as silk, elastin, titin or collagen, or a domain thereof. In one embodiment, the protein is an extracellular matrix (ECM) component (e.g., collagen, elastin, proteoglycan). In even a further embodiment, the structural protein is collagen. In yet a further embodiment, the collagen is collagen type I, collagen type II or collagen type III or a combination thereof. In another embodiment, the hydrogel monomer comprises a proteoglycan. In a further embodiment, the proteoglycan is decorin, biglycan, testican, bikunin, fibromodulin, lumican, or a domain thereof.

In another embodiment, an acrylate-functionalized structural protein hydrogel monomer is used as a component of the hydrogel provided herein (e.g., an acrylate functionalized protein or protein domain, for example, silk, elastin, titin, collagen, proteoglycan, or a functionalized domain thereof). In a further embodiment, the acrylate functionalized structural protein hydrogel monomer comprises a proteoglycan, e.g., decorin, biglycan, testican, bikunin, fibromodulin, lumican, or a domain thereof.

In one embodiment PEG monomers and oligopeptides can be that mimic extracellular matrix proteins are used in the hydrogels provided herein, for example, with vinyl sulfone-functionalized multiarm PEG, integrin binding peptides and bis-cysteine matrix metalloproteinase peptides as described by Lutolf et al. (2003). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100, 5413-5418, incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes. In this particular embodiment, hydrogels are formed by a Michael-type addition reaction between the di-thiolated oligopeptides and vinyl sulfone groups on the PEG. The range of additional compatible chemistries that can be incorporated here are obvious to those skilled in the art and follow general chemical reactivity principles, see for example Thermo Scientific Crosslinking Technical Handbook entitled “Easy molecular bonding crosslinking technology,” (available at tools.lifetechnologies.com/content/sfs/brochures/1602163-Crosslinking-Reagents-Handbook.pdf).

Other bioactive domains in natural proteins can also be used as a hydrogel monomer or portion thereof. For example, a cell-adhesive integrin binding domain, a controlled release affinity binding domain or a transglutaminase cross-linking domain can be used in the hydrogels provided herein. Details for producing such hydrogels can be found in Martino et al. (2009). Biomaterials 30, 1089; Martino et al. (2011). Sci. Trans. Med. 3, 100ra89; Hu and Messersmith (2003). J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125, 14298, each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.

In one embodiment, recombinant DNA methods are used to create proteins, designed to gel in response to changes in pH or temperature, for example, by the methods described by Petka et al. (1998). Science 281, pp. 389-392, incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes. Briefly, the proteins consist of terminal leucine zipper domains flanking a water-soluble polyelectrolyte segment. In near-neutral aqueous solutions, coiled-coil aggregates of the terminal domains form a three-dimensional hydrogel polymer network.

Common cross linking agents that can be used to crosslink the hydrogels provided herein include but are not limited to ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA), tetraethylene glycol dimethacrylate, and N,N′-15 methylenebisacrylamide. The range of additional crosslinking chemistries which can be used are obvious to those skilled in the art and follow general chemical reactivity principles, see for example Thermo Scientific Crosslinking Technical Handbook entitled “Easy molecular bonding crosslinking technology,” (available at tools.lifetechnologies.com/content/sfs/brochures/1602163-Crosslinking-Reagents-Handbook.pdf).

In one embodiment, polymerization of a hydrogel is initiated by a persulfate or an equivalent initiator that catalyzes radical formation. The range of compatible initiators are known to those skilled in the art and follow general chemical reactivity principles, see for example Thermo Scientific Crosslinking Technical Handbook entitled “Easy molecular bonding crosslinking technology,” (available at tools.lifetechnologies.com/content/sfs/brochures/1602163-Crosslinking-Reagents-Handbook.pdf). The persulfate can be any water-soluble persulfate. Non-limiting examples of water soluble persulfates are ammonium persulfate and alkali metal persulfates. Alkali metals include lithium, sodium and potassium. In some embodiments, the persulfate is ammonium persulfate or potassium persulfate. In a further embodiment, polymerization of the hydrogel provided herein is initiated by ammonium persulfate.

Polymerization of a hydrogel can be accelerated by an accelerant which can catalyze the formation of polymerization-labile chemical side groups. The range of possible accelerants is known to those skilled in the art and follow general chemical reactivity principles see for example Thermo Scientific Crosslinking Technical Handbook entitled “Easy molecular bonding crosslinking technology,” (available at tools.lifetechnologies.com/content/sfs/brochures/1602163-Crosslinking-Reagents-Handbook.pdf). The accelerant in one embodiment, is a tertiary amine. The tertiary amine can be any water-soluble tertiary amine. In one embodiment, an accelerant is used in the polymerization reaction and is N,N,N′,N′tetramethylethylenediamine, 3-dimethylamino) propionitrile, or N,N,N′,N′tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED). In another embodiment, an accelerant is used in the polymerization reaction and isazobis (isobutyronitrile) (AIBN).

As discussed above, the hydrogel for use in the compositions and methods described herein can include any of the monomeric units and crosslinkers as described herein, and in one aspect, are produced as hydrogel particles by polymerizing droplets (see, e.g., FIG. 2 ). Microfluidic methods of producing a plurality of droplets, including fluidic and rigidified droplets, are known to those of ordinary skill in the art, and described in US Patent Publication No. 2011/0218123 and U.S. Pat. No. 7,294,503, each incorporated herein by reference in their entireties for all purposes. Such methods provide for a plurality of droplets containing a first fluid and being substantially surrounded by a second fluid, where the first fluid and the second fluid are substantially immiscible (e.g., droplets containing an aqueous-based liquid being substantially surrounded by an oil based liquid).

A plurality of fluidic droplets (e.g., prepared using a microfluidic device) may be polydisperse (e.g., having a range of different sizes), or in some cases, the fluidic droplets may be monodisperse or substantially monodisperse, e.g., having a homogenous distribution of diameters, for instance, such that no more than about 10%, about 5%, about 3%, about 1%, about 0.03%, or about 0.01% of the droplets have an average diameter greater than about 10%, about 5%, about 3%, about 1%, about 0.03%, or about 0.01% of the average diameter. The average diameter of a population of droplets, as used herein, refers to the arithmetic average of the diameters of the droplets. Average diameters of the particles can be measured, for example, by light scattering techniques. Average diameters of hydrogel particles in one embodiment, are tailored, for example by varying flow rates of the fluid streams of the first and second fluids within the channel(s) of a microfluidic device, or by varying the volume of the channel(s) of the microfluidic device.

Accordingly, the disclosure provides population of hydrogel particles comprising a plurality of hydrogel particles, wherein the population of hydrogel particles is substantially monodisperse.

The term microfluidic refers to a device, apparatus or system including at least one fluid channel having a cross-sectional dimension of less than 1 mm, and a ratio of length to largest cross-sectional dimension perpendicular to the channel of at least about 3:1. A micro fluidic device comprising a micro fluidic channel is especially well suited to preparing a plurality of mono disperse droplets.

Non-limiting examples of microfluidic systems that may be used with the present invention are disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2006/0163385; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2005/0172476; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2007/000342; International Patent Application Publication No. WO 2006/096571; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2007/0054119; U.S. Pat. No. 7,776,927; and International Patent Application Publication No. WO 2006/078841, each incorporated herein by reference in their entireties for all purposes.

Droplet size is related to microfluidic channel size. The micro fluidic channel may be of any size, for example, having a largest dimension perpendicular to fluid flow of less than about 5 mm or 2 mm, or less than about 1 mm, or less than about 500 μm, less than about 200 μm, less than about 100 μm, less than about 60 μm, less than about 50 μm, less than about 40 μm, less than about 30 μm, less than about 25 μm, less than about 10 μm, less than about 3 μm, less than about 1 μm, less than about 300 nm, less than about 100 nm, less than about 30 nm, or less than about 10 nm.

Droplet size can be tuned by adjusting the relative flow rates. In some embodiments, drop diameters are equivalent to the width of the channel, or within about 10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 100% the width of the channel.

The dimensions of a hydrogel particle of the disclosure are substantially similar to the droplet from which it was formed. Therefore, in some embodiments, a hydrogel particle has a diameter of less than about 1 μm, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 120, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 600, 800, or less than 1000 μm in diameter. In some embodiments, a hydrogel particle has a diameter of more than about 1 μm, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 120, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 600, 800, or greater than 1000 μm in diameter. In one embodiment, a hydrogel particle has a diameter in the range of 5 μm to 100 μm.

In some embodiments, a hydrogel particle of the disclosure is spherical in shape.

In some embodiments, a hydrogel particle of the disclosure does not comprise agarose.

Hydrogel particles in one embodiment, is carried by suspension polymerization, which is also referred to in the art as pearl, bead or granular polymerization (see Elbert (2011). Acta Biomater. 7, pp. 31-56, incorporated by reference herein in its entirety for all purposes). In suspension polymerization, the monomer is insoluble in the continuous phase, for example an aqueous monomer solution in a continuous oil phase. In suspension polymerization, polymerization initiation occurs within the monomer-rich droplets and with greater than one radical per droplet at any time. The monomer phase in one embodiment includes a monomer which can be a bifunctional monomer or a plurality of monomer species (co-monomers, which can be a plurality of bifunctional monomers. The monomer phase in one embodiment, includes an initiator and/or a crosslinking agent.

Emulsion polymerization can also be used to form the hydrogel particles described herein. In emulsion polymerization, the monomer has poor solubility in the continuous phase, similar to suspension polymerization, however, polymerization initiation occurs outside the monomer droplets (see Elbert (2011). Acta Biomater. 7, pp. 31-56, incorporated by reference herein in its entirety for all purposes). In emulsion polymerization embodiments, the initiator causes chain growth of the monomer (or co-monomers) dissolved in the continuous phase or monomer contained in micelles if surfactants are present.

In another embodiment, hydrogel particles are formed by precipitation polymerization, for example as described in Elbert (2011). Acta Biomater. 7, pp. 31-56, incorporated by reference herein in its entirety for all purposes. Precipitation polymerization is a technique that takes advantage of the differences in the solubility of monomer and polymer to produce microparticles. Specifically, it is known that larger polymer chains generally have lower solubility than smaller ones. Accordingly, above a specific molecular weight, phase separation may be favored. Precipitation polymerization initially begins as solution polymerizations in a single phase, homogenous system. Shortly after the start of the polymerization, in one embodiment, a relatively high concentration of polymer chains is present, favoring phase separation by nucleation. As polymerization proceeds, the concentration of polymer chains is low and existing particles capture the chains before nucleation of new particles can occur. Thus, nucleation of particles occurs only for a brief period of time shortly after the start of the reaction, which in one embodiment, results in a narrow size distribution of particles. Additional methods include but are not limited to lithographic particle formation (Helgeson et al. (2011). Curr. Opin. Colloid. Interface Sci. 16, pp. 106-117, incorporated by reference herein in its entirety for all puposes) membrane emulsification (e.g., by the micosieve emulsification technology techniques described by Nanomi B. V. (Netherlands)) and microchannel emulsification (Sugiura et al. (2002). Languimir 18, pp. 5708-5712, incorporated by reference herein in its entirety) and bulk emulsification (SNF Floerger, available at snf.com.au/downloads/Emulsion_Handbook_E.pdf, incorporated by reference herein in its entirety).

In one embodiment, hydrogel particles are formed within a microfluidic device having two oil channels that focus on a central stream of aqueous monomer solution. In this embodiment, droplets form at the interface of the two channels and central stream to break off droplets in water-in-oil emulsion. Once droplets are formed, in one embodiment, they are stabilized prior to polymerization, for example, by adding a surfactant to the oil phase. However, in another embodiment, droplets are not stabilized prior to polymerization. Polymerization of the monomer in one embodiment is triggered by adding an accelerator (e.g., N,N,N′,N′tetramethylethylenediamine) to one or both of the oil channels after initial droplets are formed.

The aqueous monomer solution as provided above can include a single monomer species or a plurality of monomer species. The aqueous monomer solution can include co-monomers, a bifunctional monomer or a combination thereof. In one embodiment, the monomer or plurality of monomers can includes a bifunctional monomer, for example, one of the monomers described above. As described below, co-monomers can be used to modulate forward scatter or side scatter, for example, by adjusting the refractive index of the hydrogel particle.

In one embodiment, the central stream of aqueous monomer solution comprises a cross-linker, for example, N,N′-bisacrylamide. In a further embodiment, the central stream of aqueous monomer solution comprises a cross-linker and an accelerator, in addition to the monomer. In yet a further embodiment, the aqueous monomer solution comprises an initiator, for example an oxidizing agent such as ammonium persulfate.

Forward scatter was modulated by adjusting the refractive index of the gel by adding co-monomers allyl acrylate and allyl methacrylate (see also FIGS. 11 and 12 ). Forward scatter can also be modulated with side scattering nanoparticles containing sufficient optical resolution/size/density including, but not limited to, higher density colloidal suspensions of silica and/or PMMA particles. Side scattering of the droplets was tuned by adding a colloidal suspension of silica nanoparticles and/or PMMA (poly(methyl methacrylate)) particles (˜100 nm) to the central aqueous phase prior to polymerization (FIGS. 11 and 12 ).

In one embodiment, a bead, plurality of beads, biomolecule, or plurality of biomolecules is embedded (encapsulated) within the hydrogel particle. An encapsulated bead or biomolecule, in one embodiment, is employed to mimic one or more intracellular organelles of a target cell, or a cell after it engulfs a particle. In one embodiment, encapsulating or embedding a bead or biomolecule is accomplished at the time of hydrogel particle formation. For example, beads can be suspended in the appropriate concentration to allow for an average of one bead to be embedded/encapsulated in a single hydrogel particle. The bead suspension can be included, for example, within the aqueous solution of monomer. Similarly, a biomolecule or mixture of biomolecules can be incorporated into the aqueous solution of monomer to encapsulate the biomolecule or biomolecules.

Alternatively, once a hydrogel particle is formed, for example by the methods described above, in one embodiment, it can be further manipulated, for example, by embedding a bead, plurality of beads, biomolecule or plurality of biomolecules within the hydrogel particle.

Accordingly, in one aspect of the invention, a hydrogel comprising an embedded substance is provided.

In one embodiment, the embedded substance is an embedded molecule, for example a biomolecule. The biomolecule can be a single species or a plurality of different species. For example, a protein, peptide, carbohydrate, nucleic acid or combination thereof can be encapsulated within a hydrogel particle of the invention. Moreover, different nucleic acid molecules (e.g., of varying sequences or nucleic acid type such as genomic DNA, messenger RNA or DNA-RNA hybrids) can be encapsulated by the hydrogel particle of the invention. These can be comprised of any protein or nucleic acid as both forms of biological material contain labile chemical side-groups (or can be modified by commercial vendors (e.g., Integrated DNA Technology chemical side group modifications). Such side-groups are compatible with reaction chemistries commonly found in co-monomer compositions (e.g. acrylate chemistry, NHS-ester, primary amines, copper catalyzed click chemistry (Sharpless)). The range of possible embedded molecules which contain compatible chemistries is understood by those skilled in the art.

In one embodiment, different subpopulations of hydrogel particles are fabricated, each with a different concentration of biomolecule. In a further embodiment, the biomolecule is a nucleic acid, a protein, an intracellular ion such as calcium acid (or other biomolecule of the user's choosing, for example, calcium). In another embodiment, different subpopulations of hydrogel particles are fabricated, each with a different concentration of a drug substance. The drug substance in one embodiment is a biomolecule (i.e., a biologic, antibody, antibody drug conjugate, protein/enzyme, peptide, non-ribosomal peptide, or related molecule) or a small molecule synthetic drug (e.g., Type I/II/III polyketide, non-ribosomal peptide with bioactive properties, or other small molecule entity as generally classified by those skilled in the art).

In this regard, the present invention is particularly useful for determining assay resolution where cells are stained for their respective nucleic acid or protein content. In one embodiment, different populations of the hydrogel particles provided herein are encapsulated with known, differing amounts of an intracellular substance, e.g., nucleic acid or protein. Individual hydrogel particles are stained for the intracellular substance and fluorescence is measured via a cytometric device for the individual hydrogels of the various populations. This allows for a generation of a standard curve to establish the sensitivity and dynamic range of the intracellular assay. Once established, a sample can be run through the cytometer to detect target cell(s) if present, and to quantify the amount of intracellular substance in the respective target cell(s). In one embodiment, the embedded substance is an infectious disease biomarker, for example one of the infectious disease biomarkers in the Infectious Disease Biomarker Database (IDBD, see Yang et al. (2008) IDBD: Infectious Disease Biomarker Database. Nucleic Acid Res. 36, pp. D455-D460, incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes). In a further embodiment, the infectious disease biomarker is a biomarker of gastrointestinal infection, respiratory infection, neurological infection, urogenital infection, viral infection, hemorrhagic fever, zoonosis, arbovirus, antibiotics resistance or bioterrorism. In a further embodiment, the viral infection is an Ebola infection.

In one embodiment, the methods provided herein are used to determine the sensitivity and/or dynamic range of a cellular nucleic acid quantification assay. In this embodiment, a sample is interrogated for cell types within the sample (if present), and amount of cellular nucleic acid within the cell.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a means for determining the resolution and/or sensitivity of an intracellular protein quantification assay. Hydrogel particles, in one embodiment, encapsulate known amounts of protein, at various concentrations, and subsequently stained with the appropriate protein antibody. Fluorescence is measured for the various particles to determine the sensitivity and/or dynamic range of the assay. The fluorescence values can then be compared to the values obtained from cells in a sample, to determine whether a target cell is present and whether it contains the intracellular protein, and the amount of the protein.

In one embodiment, individual hydrogel particles are tuned to have at least one optical property substantially similar to a circulating tumor cell or a fetal cell, present in maternal blood. The individual particles are embedded with known quantities of a biomolecule of interest. The particles are used to generate a standard curve for a biomolecule detection assay for the particular cell type.

As provided above, in one aspect of the invention, a hydrogel comprising an embedded substance is provided. In one embodiment, the embedded substance is a bead or plurality of beads. In one embodiment, a hydrogel particle is embedded with a single bead. In another embodiment, individual hydrogels the average number of embedded beads in a plurality of hydrogel particles is one.

In the case where a bead or plurality of beads are embedded into a hydrogel particle, in one embodiment, the optical properties of the bead or plurality of beads are used in combination with the FSC and SSC properties of the hydrogel particle for quality control of a flow cytometry assay. For example, the embedded bead in one embodiment is used as a control to calibrate the flow cytometer system, including the laser source, optics, and stream flow. In another embodiment, the embedded bead is used as a means for quantitating the amount of fluorescence in a sample, e.g., a particular cell. In this regard, embedded beads of various intensities can be used to generate a standard curve of fluorescence to determine whether a cell expresses a certain marker and at what level of expression.

In one embodiment, a bead with the diameter of about 1 μm to about 3 μm, about 2 μm to about 4 μm or about 3 μm to about 7 μm is embedded in a hydrogel provided herein. For example, in one embodiment, the bead has a diameter of about 3 μm to about 3.5 μm. In a further embodiment, the bead is a fluorescent bead. In another embodiment, the bead has a diameter of about 1 μm to about 2.5 μm or about 1.5 μm to about 3 μm. In a further embodiment, the bead is a fluorescent bead and can be stained either internally or at its surface. In even a further embodiment, the fluorescent bead is stained internally. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is thought that internal staining insulates the fluorophores from environmental interactions that could cause variable fluorescence output.

As provided above, in one embodiment, the embedded bead is a fluorescence bead and in a further embodiment, the fluorescent bead is stained internally. It is within the skill in the art to select the appropriate fluorophore for use in conjunction with an embedded bead. In one embodiment, the bead is derivatized with one or more of the following fluorescent dyes: 6-carboxy-4′,5′-dichloro-2′,7′-dimethoxyfluorescein succinimidylester; 5-(and-6)-carboxyeosin; 5-carboxyfluorescein; 6 carboxyfluorescein; 5-(and-6)-carboxyfluorescein; S-carboxyfluorescein-bis-(5-carboxymethoxy-2-nitrobenzyl)ether, -alanine-carboxamide, or succinimidyl ester; 5-carboxy fluorescein succinimidyl ester; 6-carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester; 5-(and-6)-carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester; 5-(4,6-dichlorotriazinyl) amino fluorescein; 2 ‘, 7’-difluoro fluorescein; eosin-5-isothiocyanate; erythrosin5-isothiocyanate; 6-(fluorescein-5-carboxamido) hexanoic acid or succinimidyl ester; 6-(fluorescein-5-(and-6)-carboxamido) hexanoic acid or succinimidylester; fluorescein-S-EX succinimidyl ester; fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate; fluorescein-6-isothiocyanate; OregonGreen® 488 carboxylic acid, or succinimidyl ester; Oregon Green® 488 isothiocyanate; Oregon Green® 488-X succinimidyl ester; Oregon Green® 500 carboxylic acid; Oregon Green® 500 carboxylic acid, succinimidylester or triethylammonium salt; Oregon Green® 514 carboxylic acid; Oregon Green® 514 carboxylic acid or succinimidyl ester; RhodamineGreen™ carboxylic acid, succinimidyl ester or hydrochloride; Rhodamine Green™ carboxylic acid, trifluoroacetamide or succinimidylester; Rhodamine Green™-X succinimidyl ester or hydrochloride; RhodolGreen™ carboxylic acid, N,O-bis-(trifluoroacetyl) or succinimidylester; bis-(4-carboxypiperidinyl) sulfonerhodamine or di(succinimidylester); 5-(and-6)carboxynaphtho fluorescein, 5-(and-6)carboxynaphthofluorescein succinimidyl ester; 5-carboxyrhodamine 6G hydrochloride; 6-carboxyrhodamine6Ghydrochloride, 5-carboxyrhodamine 6G succinimidyl ester; 6-carboxyrhodamine 6G succinimidyl ester; 5-(and-6)-carboxyrhodamine6G succinimidyl ester; 5-carboxy-2′,4′,5′,7′-tetrabromosulfonefluorescein succinimidyl esteror bis-(diisopropylethylammonium) salt; 5-carboxytetramethylrhodamine; 6-carboxytetramethylrhodamine; 5-(and-6)-carboxytetramethylrhodamine; 5-carboxytetramethylrhodamine succinimidyl ester; 6-carboxytetramethylrhodaminesuccinimidyl ester; 5-(and -6)-carboxytetramethylrhodamine succinimidyl ester; 6-carboxy-X-rhodamine; 5-carboxy-X-rhodamine succinimidyl ester; 6-carboxy-Xrhodamine succinimidyl ester; 5-(and-6)-carboxy-Xrhodaminesuccinimidyl ester; 5-carboxy-X-rhodamine triethylammonium Salaissamine™ rhodamine B sulfonyl chloride; malachite green; isothiocyanate; NANOGOLD® mono(sulfosuccinimidyl ester); QSY® 21carboxylic acid or succinimidyl ester; QSY® 7 carboxylic acid or succinimidyl ester; Rhodamine Red™-X succinimidyl ester; 6-(tetramethylrhodamine-5-(and-6)-carboxamido) hexanoic acid; succinimidyl ester; tetramethylrhodamine-5-isothiocyanate; tetramethylrhodamine-6-isothiocyanate; tetramethylrhodamine-5-(and-6)-isothiocyanate; Texas Red® sulfonyl; Texas Red® sulfonyl chloride; Texas Red®-X STP ester or sodium salt; Texas Red®-X succinimidyl ester; Texas Red®-X succinimidyl ester; and X-rhodamine-5-(and-6) isothiocyanate, BODIPY® dyes commercially available from Invitrogen, including, but not limited to BODIPY® FL; BODIPY® TMR STP ester; BODIPY® TR-X STP ester; BODIPY® 630/650-X STPester; BODIPY® 650/665-X STP ester; 6-dibromo-4,4-difluoro-5,7-dimethyl-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene-3-propionic acid succinimidyl ester; 4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene-3,5-dipropionic acid; 4,4-difluoro-5,7-dimethyl-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene-3-pentanoic acid; 4,4-difluoro-5,7-dimethyl-4-bom3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene-3-pentanoicacid succinimidyl ester; 4,4-difluoro-5,7-dimefhyl-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene-3propionicacid; 4,4-difluoro-5,7-dimethyl-4-bora-3a,4adiaza-s-indacene-3-propionicacid succinimidyl ester; 4,4difluoro-5,7-dimefhyl-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene-3propionic acid; sulfosuccinimidyl ester or sodium salt; 6-((4,4-difluoro-5,7-dimethyl-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene-3propionyl)amino)hexanoicacid; 6-((4,4-difluoro-5,7 dimethyl-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene-3-propionyl)amino)hexanoic acid or succinimidyl ester; N-(4,4-difluoro 5,7-dimethyl-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene-3-propionyl) cysteic acid, succinimidyl ester or triethylammonium salt; 6-4,4-difluoro-1,3-dimethyl-5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-bora3a,4a4,4-difluoro-5,7-diphenyl-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-sindacene-3-propionicacid; 4,4-difluoro-5,7-diphenyl-4-bora3a, 4a-diaza-s-indacene-3-propionicacid succinimidyl ester; 4,4-difluoro-5-phenyl-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene-3-propionic acid; succinimidyl ester; 6-((4,4-difluoro-5-phenyl-4 bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene-3-propionyl)amino) hexanoicacid or succinimidyl ester; 4,4-difluoro-5-(4-phenyl-1,3butadienyl)-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene-3-propionicacid succinimidyl ester; 4,4-difluoro-5-(2-pyrrolyl)-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene-3-propionic acid succinimidyl ester; 6-(((4,4-difluoro-5-(2-pyrrolyl)-4-bom-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene-3-yl)styryloxy)acetyl)aminohexanoicacid or succinimidyl ester; 4,4-difluoro-5-styryl-4-bora-3a, 4a-diaza-s-indacene-3-propionic acid; 4,4-difluoro-5-styryl-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-sindacene-3-propionic acid; succinimidyl ester; 4,4-difluoro-1,3,5,7-tetramethyl-4-bora-3a,4adiaza-s-indacene-8-propionicacid; 4,4-difluoro-1,3,5,7-tetramethyl-4bora-3a,4a-diaza-sindacene-8-propionic acid succinimidyl ester; 4,4-difluoro-5-(2-thienyl)-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-sindacene-3-propionic acid succinimidyl ester; 6-(((4-(4,4-difluoro-5-(2-thienyl)-4-bora-3a,4adiazas-indacene-3-yl)phenoxy)acetyl)amino)hexanoic acid or succinimidyl ester; and 6-(((4,4-difluoro-5-(2-thienyl)-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene-3-yl)styryloxy)acetyl) aminohexanoic acid or succinimidyl ester, Alexa fluor dyes commercially available from Invitrogen, including but not limited to Alexa Fluor® 350 carboxylic acid; Alexa Fluor® 430 carboxylic acid; Alexa Fluor® 488 carboxylic acid; Alexa Fluor® 532 carboxylic acid; Alexa Fluor® 546 carboxylic acid; Alexa Fluor® 555 carboxylic acid; Alexa Fluor® 568 carboxylic acid; Alexa Fluor® 594 carboxylic acid; Alexa Fluor® 633 carboxylic acid; Alexa Fluor® 64 7 carboxylic acid; Alexa Fluor® 660 carboxylic acid; and Alexa Fluor® 680 carboxylic acid, cyanine dyes commercially available from Amersham-Pharmacia Biotech, including, but not limited to Cy3 NHS ester; Cy 5 NHS ester; Cy5.5 NHSester; and Cy7 NHS ester.

Other Fluorophores amenable for use with the present invention are provided in Table 2 below

TABLE 2 Exci- Emis- ID NAME Alternate Names tation sion Vendor/Source ACS CAS# ISAC148 6-carboxyfluorescein 492 518 PubChem 3301-79-9 ISAC1 6-JOE 520 550 LifeTechnologies 82855-40-1 ISAC2 7-AAD 545 647 LifeTechnologies 7240-37-1 ISAC3 Acridine Orange 503 525 LifeTechnologies 65-61-2 ISAC4 Alexa Fluor 350 AF350; 2H-1-Benzopyran-6-sulfonic acid, 343 442 LifeTechnologies 244636-14-4 7-amino-3-[2-[(2,5-dioxo-1- pyrrolidinyl)oxy]-2-oxoethyl]-4-methyl-2- oxo-; 200554-19-4 ISAC6 Alexa Fluor 405 AF405; C46H69N5O15S3 401 425 LifeTechnologies 791637-08-6 ISAC7 Alexa Fluor 430 AF430; C32H42F3N3O9S 433 541 LifeTechnologies 467233-94-9 ISAC8 Alexa Fluor 488 AF488; C25H15Li2N3O13S2 496 519 LifeTechnologies 247144-99-6 ISAC9 Alexa Fluor 500 AF500; CAS#798557-08-1 503 525 LifeTechnologies 798557-08-1 ISAC10 Alexa Fluor 514 AF514; C31H27N3O13S2 517 542 LifeTechnologies 798557-07-0 ISAC11 Alexa Fluor 532 AF532; 1H-Pyrano[3,2-f: 5,6-f′]diindole- 532 553 LifeTechnologies 222159-92-4 10,12-disulfonic acid, 5-[4-[[(2,5-dioxo-1- pyrrolidinyl)oxy]carbonyl]phenyl]-2,3,7,8- tetrahydro-2,3,3,7,7,8-hexamethyl-; 271795-14-3 ISAC13 Alexa Fluor 546 AF546; C50H62Cl3N5O14S3 556 573 LifeTechnologies 247145-23-9 ISAC14 Alexa Fluor 555 AF555 555 565 LifeTechnologies 644990-77-2 ISAC15 Alexa Fluor 568 AF568 578 603 LifeTechnologies 247145-38-6 ISAC16 Alexa Fluor 594 AF594 590 617 LifeTechnologies 247145-86-4 ISAC17 Alexa Fluor 610 AF610; C58H77Cl3N6O14S3 612 628 LifeTechnologies 900528-62-3 ISAC18 Alexa Fluor 633 AF633 632 647 LifeTechnologies 477780-06-6 ISAC19 Alexa Fluor 635 AF635 633 647 LifeTechnologies 945850-82-8 ISAC20 Alexa Fluor 647 AF647 650 665 LifeTechnologies 400051-23-2 ISAC21 Alexa Fluor 660 AF660 663 690 LifeTechnologies 422309-89-5 ISAC22 Alexa Fluor 680 AF680 679 702 LifeTechnologies 422309-67-9 ISAC23 Alexa Fluor 700 AF700 702 723 LifeTechnologies 697795-05-4 ISAC24 Alexa Fluor 750 AF750 749 775 LifeTechnologies 697795-06-5 ISAC25 Alexa Fluor 790 AF790 784 814 LifeTechnologies 950891-33-5 ISAC26 AMCA 346 448 SantaCruzBiotech 106562-32-7 ISAC27 AmCyan 457 489 BDBioscences 1216872-44-4 ISAC28 APC Allophycocyanin 650 660 SigmaAldrich No names found ISAC29 APC-Alexa Fluor 680 APC-AF680 655 704 LifeTechnologies No names found ISAC30 APC-Alexa Fluor 700 APC-AF700 655 718 LifeTechnologies No names found ISAC31 APC-Alexa Fluor 750 APC-AF750 650 775 LifeTechnologies No names found ISAC32 APC-Cy5.5 Allophycocyanin-Cy5.5 650 695 LifeTechnologies No names found ISAC33 APC-Cy7 Allophycocyanin-Cy7 650 767 LifeTechnologies No names found ISAC34 APC-eFluor 750 eFluor750APC 650 750 eBioscience No names found ISAC35 APC-eFluor 780 eFluor780APC 650 780 eBioscience 1472056-77-1 ISAC36 APC-H7 H7APC 650 765 BDBioscences 1366000-62-5 ISAC37 APC-Vio770 Vio770APC 652 775 Miltenyl Biotech No names found ISAC38 Atto488 501 523 ATTO-TEC 923585-42-6 ISAC39 BIOTIN 0 0 PubChem 58-85-5 ISAC40 BODIPY FL 502 511 SantaCruzBiotech 165599-63-3 ISAC41 BODIPY R6G 4,4-difluoro-5-phenyl-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza- 527 547 LifeTechnologies 335193-70-9 s-indacene-3-propionic acid, succinimidyl ester; C22H18BF2N3O4 ISAC43 Brilliant Violet 421 BV421 406 423 Biolegend 1428441-68-2 ISAC44 Brilliant Violet 510 BV510 405 510 Biolegend No names found ISAC45 Brilliant Violet 570 BV570 407 571 Biolegend 1428441-76-2 ISAC46 Brilliant Violet 605 BV605 407 603 Biolegend 1632128-60-9 ISAC47 Brilliant Violet 612 BV612 0 0 Biolegend 1428441-91-1 ISAC48 Brilliant Violet 650 BV650 407 647 Biolegend No names found ISAC49 Brilliant Violet 711 BV711 405 711 Biolegend No names found ISAC50 Brilliant Violet 785 BV785 405 786 Biolegend 1613592-44-1 ISAC53 Calcein CAS#: 1461-15-0 493 514 LifeTechnologies 1461-15-0 ISAC51 Calcein AM 496 517 PubChem 148504-34-1 ISAC52 Calcein Blue AM 360 445 PubChem 168482-84-6 ISAC54 Calcein Violet AM 400 452 LifeTechnologies No names found ISAC55 Calcium Sensor Dye eFluor 490 514 eBioscience No names found 514 ISAC56 Cascade Blue 401 420 PubChem 1325-87-7 ISAC57 Cascade Yellow 400 550 Synchem UG & Co. 220930-95-0 KG ISAC58 Cell Proliferation Dye 405 445 eBioscience No names found eFluor 450 ISAC59 Cell Proliferation Dye 652 672 eBioscience No names found eFluor 670 ISAC60 CellTrace Violet Cell 392 455 LifeTechnologies No names found Proliferation ISAC61 CellVue Claret 655 657 SigmaAldrich 1042142-46-0 ISAC62 CFSE 492 525 SantaCruzBiotech 150347-59-4 ISAC63 CPC O-cresolphthalein complexone 488 660 Chemical Book 2411-89-4 ISAC65 Cy2 492 507 GElifesciences 102185-03-5 ISAC66 Cy3 552 566 GElifesciences 146368-16-3 ISAC67 Cy3.5 581 598 GElifesciences 189767-45-1 ISAC68 Cy5 633 670 GElifesciences 144377-05-9 ISAC69 Cy5.5 677 695 GElifesciences 210892-23-2 ISAC70 Cy7 743 767 GElifesciences 169799-14-8 ISAC71 Cychrome 565 667 BDBioscences 245670-67-1 ISAC73 CyQUANT DNA 502 522 LifeTechnologies No names found ISAC74 CyTRAK Orange 1,5-bis{[2-(di-methylamino) 514 609 Abcam 1195771-25-5 ethyl]amino}-4,8-dihydroxyanthracene- (eBioscience) 9,10-dione ISAC76 DAPI 358 462 PubChem 47165-04-8 ISAC77 DCFH 505 525 SigmaAldrich 106070-31-9 ISAC79 DiA DiA; 4-Di-16-ASP (4-(4- 455 586 LifeTechnologies 371114-38-4 (Dihexadecylamino)styryl)-N- Methylpyridinium Iodide); C46H79IN2 ISAC81 DiD DiD′ solid; DiIC18(5) solid (1,1′- 647 669 LifeTechnologies 127274-91-3 Dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′- Tetramethylindodicarbocyanine, 4- Chlorobenzenesulfonate Salt); C67H103ClN2O3S ISAC84 DiI DiI Stain (1,1′-Dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′- 550 568 LifeTechnologies 41085-99-8 Tetramethylindocarbocyanine Perchlorate (‘DiI’; DiIC18(3))); C59H97ClN2O4; 3H- Indolium, 2-(3-(1,3-dihydro-3,3-dimethyl- 1-octadecyl-2H-indol-2-ylidene)-1 - propenyl)-3,3-dimethyl-1-octadecyl-, perchlorate/ ISAC88 DiO DiO′; DiOC18(3) (3,3′- 489 506 LifeTechnologies 34215-57-1 Dioctadecyloxacarbocyanine Perchlorate); C53H85ClN2O6; Benzoxazolium, 3-octadecyl-2-[3-(3- octadecyl-2(3H)-benzoxazolylidene)-1- propenyl]-, perchlorate/ ISAC92 DiR DiR′; DiIC18(7) (1,1′-Dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′- 750 781 LifeTechnologies 100068-60-8 Tetramethylindotricarbocyanine Iodide); C63H101IN2 ISAC95 DRAQ5 645 683 CellSignallingTech 254098-36-7 ISAC96 DRAQ7 599 694 CellSignallingTech 1533453-55-2 ISAC97 DsRED 532 595 Clontech 469863-23-8 ISAC98 dsRed2-RFP 555 582 Clontech No names found ISAC99 DY547 547 Dyomics 557 574 Dynomics 947138-67-2 ISAC100 DY634 634 Dyomics 635 658 Dynomics 1189010-49-8 ISAC101 DY647 647 Dyomics 650 665 Dynomics 890317-39-2 ISAC102 DyLight 350 DL350 353 432 PierceNet 1436849-83-0 ISAC103 DyLight 405 DL405 400 420 PierceNet 1051927-09-3 ISAC104 DyLight 488 DL488 493 518 PierceNet 1051927-12-8 ISAC105 DyLight 549 DL549 562 576 JacksonImmunoRes 1051927-13-9 ISAC106 DyLight 550 DL550 562 576 PierceNet 1340586-78-8 ISAC107 DyLight 594 DL594 593 618 PierceNet 1268612-00-5 ISAC108 DyLight 633 DL633 638 658 PierceNet 1051927-14-0 ISAC109 DyLight 649 DL649 654 670 JacksonImmunoRes 1051927-15-1 ISAC110 DyLight 650 DL650 652 672 PierceNet 1364214-13-0 ISAC111 DyLight 680 DL680 682 712 PierceNet 1051927-24-2 ISAC112 DyLight 800 DL800 777 794 PierceNet 1051927-23-1 ISAC113 EB Ethidium Bromide 523 604 SigmaAldrich 1239-45-8 ISAC114 ECD 563 613 LifeTechnologies 88475-75-6 ISAC116 ECFP enhanced cyan fluorescent protein 435 477 MyBiosource No names found ISAC118 EdU EdU(5-ethynyl-2\u2032-deoxyuridine); 0 0 LifeTechnologies 61135-33-9 C11H12N2O5 ISAC120 EdU Alexa Fluor 488 496 516 LifeTechnologies No names found ISAC121 EdU Alexa Fluor 647 650 665 LifeTechnologies No names found ISAC122 EdU Pacific Blue 405 455 LifeTechnologies No names found ISAC123 eFluor 450 400 450 eBioscience 1592653-87-6 ISAC124 eFluor 450 Fixable Viability 400 450 eBioscience No names found Dye ISAC125 eFluor 490 350 490 eBioscience No names found ISAC126 eFluor 506 Fixable Viability 420 506 eBioscience No names found Dye ISAC127 eFluor 525 350 525 eBioscience No names found ISAC128 eFluor 565 350 565 eBioscience No names found ISAC129 eFluor 585 350 604 eBioscience No names found ISAC130 eFluor 605 350 605 eBioscience 1248429-27-7 ISAC131 eFluor 615 590 622 eBioscience No names found ISAC132 eFluor 625 350 625 eBioscience No names found ISAC133 eFluor 650 350 650 eBioscience No names found ISAC134 eFluor 660 633 658 eBioscience 1634649-16-3 ISAC135 eFluor 670 0 0 eBioscience 1437243-07-6 ISAC136 eFluor 700 350 700 eBioscience No names found ISAC137 eFluor 710 350 710 eBioscience No names found ISAC138 eFluor 780 Fixable Viability 755 780 eBioscience No names found Dye ISAC139 EGFP enhanced green fluorescent protein 480 510 MyBiosource No names found ISAC141 Emerald 300 289 530 LifeTechnologies No names found ISAC142 Eosin 525 546 SigmaAldrich 17372-87-1 ISAC143 Ethidium Homodimer-1 528 617 SigmaAldrich 61926-22-5 ISAC144 Ethidium Monoazide EMA 510 590 SigmaAldrich 58880-05-0 ISAC145 EYFP enhanced yellow fluorescent protein 515 528 MyBiosource No names found ISAC147 FAM 492 518 PubChem 76823-03-5 ISAC149 FITC Fluorescein 500 520 PubChem 27072-45-3 ISAC153 Fluo-3 C51H50Cl2N2O23; Glycine, N-[4-[6- 506 526 LifeTechnologies 123632-39-3 [(acetyloxy)methoxy]-2,7-dichloro-3-oxo- 3H-xanthen-9-yl]-2-[2-[2-[bis[2- [(acetyloxy)methoxy]-2-oxyethyl]amino]-5- methylphenoxy]ethoxy]phenyl]-N-[2- [(acetyloxy)methoxy]-2-oxyethyl]-, (acetyloxy)methyl ester/ ISAC155 Fluo-4 C51H50F2N2O23; Glycine, N-[4-[6- 494 516 LifeTechnologies 273221-59-3 [(acetyloxy)methoxy]-2,7-difluoro-3-oxo- 3H-xanthen-9-yl]-2-[2-[2-[bis[2- [(acetyloxy)methoxy]-2-oxoethyl]amino]- 5-methylphenoxy]ethoxy]phenyl]-N-[2- [(acetyloxy)methoxy]-2-oxoethyl]-, (acetyloxy)methyl ester/ ISAC152 FLMA Fluorescein-5-maleimide 495 520 PierceNet 75350-46-8 ISAC157 Fluoro-Emerald Dextran, Fluorescein, 10,000 MW, 495 523 LifeTechnologies 194369-11-4 Anionic, Lysine Fixable ISAC159 Fura Red LifeTechnologies 149732-62-7 ISAC162 Fura3 Fura-2 LeakRes (AM) 325 510 SigmaAldrich 172890-84-5 ISAC164 FxCycle Far Red 640 658 LifeTechnologies No names found ISAC165 FxCycle Violet C16H17Cl2N5; 1H-Indole-6- 358 462 LifeTechnologies 28718-90-3 carboximidamide, 2-[4- (aminoiminomethyl)phenyl]-, dihydrochloride/ ISAC167 GFP green fluorescent protein 488 515 MyBiosource No names found ISAC169 GFP Violet Excited 398 515 MyBiosource No names found ISAC170 GFP-Vex1 398 515 MyBiosource No names found ISAC171 HiLyte Fluor 488 501 527 Anaspec 1051927-29-7 ISAC172 HiLyte Fluor 555 550 566 Anaspec 1051927-30-0 ISAC173 HiLyte Fluor 647 649 674 Anaspec 925693-87-4 ISAC174 HiLyte Fluor 680 0 0 Anaspec 1051927-34-4 ISAC175 HiLyte Fluor 750 754 778 Anaspec 1051927-32-2 ISAC176 Hoechst 33258 345 455 SigmaAldrich 23491-45-4 ISAC177 Hoechst 33342 bisBenzimide H 33342 trihydrochloride 343 455 SigmaAldrich 23491-52-3 ISAC179 Hydroxycoumarin C10H6O5; 7-hydroxycoumarin-3- 360 450 LifeTechnologies 43070-85-5 carboxylic acid; 2H-1-Benzopyran-3- carboxylic acid, 7-hydroxy-2-oxo-/; 4- chloromethyl-7-hydroxycoumarin ISAC183 Indo-1 Indo-1 AM Calcium Sensor Dye; 347 480 LifeTechnologies 96314-96-4 C47H51N3O22; 1H-Indole-6-carboxylic acid, 2-[4-[bis[2-[(acetyloxy)methoxy]-2- oxoethyl]amino]-3-[2-[2-[bis[2- [(acetyloxy)methoxy]-2-oxoetyl]amino]-5- methylphenoxy]ethoxy]phenyl]-, (acetyloxy)methyl ester/ ISAC187 JC-1 5,5′,6,6′-tetrachloro-1,1′,3,3′- 593 595 LifeTechnologies 3520-43-2 tetraethylbenzimidazolylcarbocyanine iodide; C25H27Cl4IN4 ISAC189 Krome Orange 398 530 Beckman Coulter 1558035-65-6 ISAC190 Leadmium 490 520 LifeTechnologies No names found ISAC191 LIVE/DEAD Fixable Aqua Aqua LIVE/DEAD 367 526 LifeTechnologies No names found Dead Cell Stain ISAC193 LIVE/DEAD Fixable Blue Blue LIVE/DEAD 343 442 LifeTechnologies No names found Dead Cell Stain ISAC195 LIVE/DEAD Fixable Far Red 650 670 LifeTechnologies No names found Dead Cell Stain ISAC196 LIVE/DEAD Fixable Green Green LIVE/DEAD 498 525 LifeTechnologies No names found Dead Cell Stain ISAC198 LIVE/DEAD Fixable Near-IR 752 776 LifeTechnologies No names found Dead Cell Stain ISAC199 LIVE/DEAD Fixable Red 594 612 LifeTechnologies No names found Dead Cell Stain ISAC200 LIVE/DEAD Fixable Violet Violet LIVE/DEAD 403 455 LifeTechnologies No names found Dead Cell Stain ISAC202 LIVE/DEAD Fixable Yellow Yellow LIVE/DEAD 401 551 LifeTechnologies No names found Dead Cell Stain ISAC204 Lucifer Yellow C13H9Li2N5O9S2; 1H- 428 544 LifeTechnologies 82446-52-4 Benz[de]isoquinoline-5,8-disulfonic acid, 6-amino-2-[(hydrazinocarbonyl)amino]- 2,3-dihydro-1,3-dioxo-, dilithium salt/ ISAC206 Magnesium Green C33H17Cl2K5N2O13; Glycine, N-[2- 507 531 LifeTechnologies 170516-41-3 (carboxymethoxy)-4-[[(2′,7′-dichloro-3′,6′- dihydroxy-3-oxospiro[isobenzofuran- 1(3H),9′-[9H]xanthen]-5- yl)carbonyl]amino]phenyl]-N- (carboxymethyl)-, pentapotassium salt/ ISAC208 Marina Blue C16H11F2NO7; 2,5-Pyrrolidinedione, 1- 364 461 LifeTechnologies 215868-23-8 [[(6,8-difluoro-7-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-oxo- 2H-1-benzopyran-3-yl)acetyl]oxy]-/; ISAC210 mBanana 540 553 Clontech 1114839-40-5 ISAC211 mCherry 587 610 Clontech 1628764-31-7 ISAC212 mCitrine 516 529 Not Commercialized 1357606-54-2 ISAC213 MethylCoumarin AMCA-X, SE (6-((7-Amino-4- 360 448 LifeTechnologies 1333-47-7 Methylcoumarin-3-Acetyl)amino)Hexanoic Acid, Succinimidyl Ester); C22H25N3O7 ISAC216 MitoTracker Green C34H28Cl5N3O; Benzoxazolium, 2-[3- 490 512 LifeTechnologies 1304563-13-0 [5,6-dichloro-1,3-bis[[4- (chloromethyl)phenyl]methyl]-1,3-dihydro- 2H-benzimidazol-2-ylidene]-1-propenyl]- 3-methyl-, chloride/ ISAC218 MitoTracker Orange C24H24Cl2N2O 550 575 LifeTechnologies No names found ISAC219 MitoTracker Red C39H36Cl5N3 578 598 LifeTechnologies No names found ISAC220 mOrange 548 562 Clontech 1114839-60-9 ISAC221 mPlum 590 649 Clontech 1399820-93-9 ISAC222 mRaspberry 597 624 Clontech 1452799-41-5 ISAC223 mRFP1 584 607 Not Commercialized 1452799-30-2 ISAC224 mStrawberry 574 596 Clontech 1114834-99-9 ISAC225 Na-Green Sodium Green ™, 506 532 LifeTechnologies 195244-55-4 tetra(tetramethylammonium) salt; C84H100Cl4N8O19 ISAC228 Nile Red C20H18N2O2; 5H- 559 637 LifeTechnologies 7385-67-3 Benzo[\u03B1]phenoxazin-5-one, 9- (diethylamino)-/ ISAC230 Oregon Green 491 519 LifeTechnologies 195136-58-4 ISAC232 Oregon Green 488-X, 500 525 LifeTechnologies 890416-18-9 succinimidyl ester ISAC233 Oregon Green 514 Oregon Green ® 514 carboxylic acid, 510 532 LifeTechnologies 198139-53-6 succinimidyl ester; C26H12F5NO9S ISAC235 Pacific Blue PacBlue; Pacific Blue ™succinimidyl 405 455 LifeTechnologies 215868-31-8 ester; C14H7F2NO7 ISAC236 Pacific Blue succinimidyl 405 455 LifeTechnologies 215868-33-0 ester ISAC237 Pacific Orange PacOrange 403 551 LifeTechnologies 1122414-42-9 ISAC240 PE-Alexa Fluor 610 RPE-AF610 563 628 LifeTechnologies No names found ISAC241 PE-Alexa Fluor 647 RPE-AF647 567 669 LifeTechnologies No names found ISAC242 PE-Alexa Fluor 680 RPE-AF680 570 702 LifeTechnologies No names found ISAC243 PE-Alexa Fluor 700 RPE-AF700 563 720 LifeTechnologies No names found ISAC244 PE-Alexa Fluor 750 RPE-AF750 570 776 AbD Serotec No names found ISAC245 PE-CF594 PE-Dazzle 594 564 612 BDBioscences 1613592-67-8 ISAC72 PE-Cy5 565 667 BDBioscences 1448849-77-1 ISAC248 PE-Cy5.5 563 695 AbD Serotec No names found ISAC249 PE-Cy7 563 760 AbD Serotec 1429496-42-3 ISAC250 PE-DY590 563 599 LSBio No names found ISAC251 PE-DY647 563 672 LSBio No names found ISAC252 PerCP 490 675 AbD Serotec 422551-33-5 ISAC253 PerCP-Cy5.5 488 695 AbD Serotec 1474026-81-7 ISAC254 PerCP-eFluor 710 488 710 eBioscience 1353683-31-4 ISAC115 PE-Texas Red 563 613 LifeTechnologies No names found ISAC256 PE-Vio770 565 775 Miltenyl Biotech No names found ISAC257 pHrodo pHrodo ™ Red, succinimidyl ester 560 586 LifeTechnologies No names found (pHrodo ™ Red, SE); pHrodo ™ Green STP Ester ISAC260 pHrodo Green STP Ester 560 586 LifeTechnologies No names found ISAC258 pHrodo Red, succinimidyl 560 586 LifeTechnologies No names found ester ISAC261 Phycocyanin 617 646 SigmaAldrich 11016-15-2 ISAC262 PicoGreen Quant-iT ™ PicoGreen ® dsDNA Reagent 502 522 LifeTechnologies 177571-06-1 ISAC264 PKH2 PKH2 Green Fluorescent Cell Linker 490 504 SigmaAldrich 145687-07-6 ISAC266 PKH26 PKH26 Red Fluorescent Cell Linker 551 567 SigmaAldrich 154214-55-8 ISAC268 PKH67 PKH67 Green Fluorescent Cell Linker 490 504 SigmaAldrich 257277-27-3 ISAC270 POPO-1 C41H54I4N6O2; Benzoxazolium, 2,2′- 433 457 LifeTechnologies 169454-15-3 [1,3-propanediylbis[(dimethyliminio)-3,1- propanediyl-1(4H)-pyridinyl-4- ylidenemethylidyne]]bis[3-methyl]-, tetraiodide/ ISAC272 PO-PRO-1 C20H27I2N3O; Benzoxazolium, 3- 435 457 LifeTechnologies 157199-56-9 methyl-2-[[1-[3- (trimethylammonio)propyl]-4(1H)- pyridinylidene]methyl]-, diiodide/; ISAC274 Propidium Iodide C27H34I2N4; Phenanthridinium, 3,8- 350 617 LifeTechnologies 25535-16-4 diamino-5-[3- (diethylmethylammonio)propyl]-6-phenyl-, diiodide ISAC276 PURE 0 0 Not Commercialized No names found ISAC277 Pyronin Y 547 560 SigmaAldrich 92-32-0 ISAC278 Qdot 525 350 525 LifeTechnologies 885332-45-6 ISAC279 Qdot 545 350 545 LifeTechnologies 948906-89-6 ISAC280 Qdot 565 350 565 LifeTechnologies 859509-02-7 ISAC281 Qdot 585 350 585 LifeTechnologies 885332-46-7 ISAC282 Qdot 605 350 605 LifeTechnologies 849813-89-4 ISAC283 Qdot 625 350 625 LifeTechnologies 1144512-19-5 ISAC284 Qdot 655 350 655 LifeTechnologies 674287-64-0 ISAC285 Qdot 705 350 705 LifeTechnologies 885332-47-8 ISAC286 Qdot 800 350 800 LifeTechnologies 885332-50-3 ISAC287 RD1 R-Phycoerythrin 563 578 LifeTechnologies 1376573-14-6 ISAC295 Rhodamine 550 570 LifeTechnologies No names found ISAC290 Rho 110 Rhodamine 110 497 520 LifeTechnologies 13558-31-1 ISAC293 Rho 123 Rhodamine 123 507 529 LifeTechnologies 62669-70-9 ISAC296 Rhodamine Green Rhodamine Green ™carboxylic acid, 505 527 LifeTechnologies 189200-71-3 succinimidyl ester, hydrochloride; C25H18ClN3O7 ISAC297 Rhodamine Green carboxylic acid, succinimidyl ester, hydrochloride 505 527 LifeTechnologies 254732-34-8 ISAC298 Rhodamine Red 573 591 LifeTechnologies 99752-92-8 ISAC299 Rhodamine Red-X Rhodamine Red ™-X, succinimidyl ester; 570 576 LifeTechnologies 178623-12-6 C37H44N4O10S2 ISAC300 Rhodamine Red-X, 570 576 LifeTechnologies 178623-13-7 succinimidyl ester ISAC301 RiboFlavin 266 531 SigmaAldrich 83-88-5 ISAC239 R-Phycoerythrin PE 563 578 LifeTechnologies 11016-17-4 ISAC303 SNARF-1 carboxylic acid, acetate, succinimidyl ester 549 586 LifeTechnologies No names found ISAC302 SNARF-1 pH 6 SNARF ®-1 carboxylic acid, acetate, 549 586 LifeTechnologies No names found succinimidyl ester; C33H24N2O9 ISAC304 SNARF-1 pH 9 576 640 LifeTechnologies No names found ISAC305 Spectral Red 506 665 MyBiosource No names found ISAC306 SureLight P1 545 667 Abcam (Columbia No names found Biosciences) ISAC307 SureLight P3 614 662 Abcam 1365659-06-8 ISAC308 SureLight PBXL-3 614 662 Abcam No names found ISAC309 SYBR Green 498 522 SigmaAldrich 217087-73-5 ISAC310 SYTO 11 506 526 LifeTechnologies 173080-67-6 ISAC311 SYTO 13 488 506 LifeTechnologies 173080-69-8 ISAC312 SYTO 16 488 520 LifeTechnologies 173080-72-3 ISAC313 SYTO 17 618 637 LifeTechnologies 189233-66-7 ISAC314 SYTO 45 450 486 LifeTechnologies 335078-86-9 ISAC315 SYTO 59 622 643 LifeTechnologies 235422-34-1 ISAC316 SYTO 60 650 681 LifeTechnologies 335079-14-6 ISAC317 SYTO 61 618 651 LifeTechnologies 335079-15-7 ISAC318 SYTO 62 650 681 LifeTechnologies 286951-08-4 ISAC319 SYTO 82 540 560 LifeTechnologies 335079-10-2 ISAC320 SYTO 9 482 500 LifeTechnologies 208540-89-0 ISAC321 SYTOX AADvanced 546 646 LifeTechnologies No names found ISAC322 SYTOX Blue 431 480 LifeTechnologies 396077-00-2 ISAC323 SYTOX Green 504 523 LifeTechnologies 194100-76-0 ISAC324 SYTOX Orange 547 570 LifeTechnologies 324767-53-5 ISAC325 SYTOX Red 640 658 LifeTechnologies 915152-67-9 ISAC326 tdTomato 554 581 Clontech 1114838-94-6 ISAC334 Tetramethylrhodamine TMRho 553 581 LifeTechnologies 70281-37-7 ISAC329 Texas Red Texas Red ®-X, succinimidyl ester; 589 615 LifeTechnologies 82354-19-6 C41H44N4O10S2 ISAC330 Texas Red-X, succinimidyl 589 615 LifeTechnologies 216972-99-5 ester ISAC331 Thiazole Orange 500 530 SigmaAldrich 107091-89-4 ISAC332 ThiolTracker Violet 406 526 LifeTechnologies No names found ISAC335 TO-PRO-1 TO-PRO ®-1 iodide (515/531); 509 533 LifeTechnologies 157199-59-2 C24H29I2N3S; Quinolinium, 4-[(3- methyl-2(3H)- benzothiazolylidene)methyl]-1-[3- (trimethylammonio)propyl]-, diiodide/; ISAC338 TO-PRO-3 TO-PRO ®-3 iodide (642/661); 642 661 LifeTechnologies 157199-63-8 C26H31I2N3S; Quinolinium, 4-[3-(3- methyl-2(3H)-benzothiazolylidene)-1- propenyl]-1-[3- (trimethylammonio)propyl]-, diiodide/ ISAC341 TOTO-1 TOTO ®-1 iodide (514/533); 509 533 LifeTechnologies 143413-84-7 C49H58I4N6S2; Quinolinium, 1-1′-[1,3- propanediylbis[(dimethyliminio)-3,1- propanediyl]]bis[4-[(3-methyl-2(3H)- benzothiazolylidene)methyl]]-, tetraiodide/ ISAC344 TOTO-3 TOTO ®-3 iodide (642/660); 642 661 LifeTechnologies 166196-17-4 C53H62I4N6S2 ISAC346 Tricolor 563 670 LifeTechnologies 478184-50-8 ISAC347 TRITC Tetramethylrhodamine; 547 572 LifeTechnologies 745735-42-6 tetramethylrhodamine-5-(and-6)- isothiocyanate; C25H21N3O3S; Xanthylium, 9-(2- carboxyisothiocyanatophenyl)-3,6- bis(dimethylamino)-, inner salt/ ISAC351 TruRed 490 695 Not Commercialized 396076-95-2 ISAC352 V19 397 572 Not Commercialized No names found ISAC353 V450 405 448 BDBioscences 1257844-82-8 ISAC354 V500 415 500 BDBioscences 1333160-12-5 ISAC355 VioBlue 400 452 Miltenyl Biotech 1431147-59-9 ISAC356 VioGreen 388 520 Miltenyl Biotech No names found ISAC357 Vybrant DyeCycle Green 505 535 LifeTechnologies 1431152-50-9 ISAC358 Vybrant DyeCycle Orange 518 563 LifeTechnologies 1055990-89-0 ISAC359 Vybrant DyeCycle Ruby 637 686 LifeTechnologies 1345202-72-3 ISAC360 Vybrant DyeCycle Violet 370 436 LifeTechnologies 1015439-88-9 ISAC361 YFP Yellow Fluorescent Protein 505 530 Clontech No names found ISAC363 YO-PRO-1 YO-PRO ®-1 iodide (491/509); 491 506 LifeTechnologies 152068-09-2 C24H29I2N3O ISAC365 YO-PRO-3 YO-PRO ®-3 iodide (612/631); 613 629 LifeTechnologies 157199-62-7 C26H31I2N3O; Quinolinium, 4-[3-(3- methyl-2(3H)-benzoxazolylidene)-1- propenyl]-1-[3- (trimethylammonio)propyl]-, diiodide/ ISAC368 YOYO-1 YOYO ®-1 iodide (491/509); 491 509 LifeTechnologies 143413-85-8 C49H58I4N6O2; ISAC370 YOYO-3 YOYO ®-3 iodide (612/631); 613 629 LifeTechnologies 156312-20-8 C53H62I4N6O2; Quinolinium, 1,1′-[1,3- propanediylbis[(dimethyliminio)-3,1- propanediyl]]bis[4-[3-(3-methyl-2(3H)- benzoxazolylidene)-1-propenyl]]-, tetraiodide/; ISAC373 ZsGreen 494 517 Clontech 1216871-88-3

Commercially available beads including, but not limited to, those sold by Bangs Laboratories, Inc, Sperhotech Inc., Thermo Scientific, Inc. and equivalent suppliers) can be used in combination with the hydrogel particles described herein. Depending on the assay, it is within the ordinary skill in the art to select a bead with the proper bead diameter, fluorescent emission and/or excitation spectrum and/or fluorescent intensity. For example, a quality control bead used in conjunction with a blue, red or UV laser can be embedded into one or more hydrogel particles provided herein. For example, an Alignflow™ flow cytometry alignment bead for blue lasers (catalog no. A-16500 (2.5 μm), A-16503 (6.0 μm)), red lasers (catalog no. A-16501 (2.5 μm), A-16504 (6.0 μm)) or UV lasers (catalog no. A-16502 (2.5 μm), A-16505 (6.0 μm)) can be embedded in on or more of the hydrogel particles provided herein.

In one embodiment, a fluorescent bead that can be excited at any wavelength from 365 nm-650 nm is embedded in a hydrogel particle. In one embodiment, the bead is a “rainbow particle” that contains a mixture of fluorophores, for example 4 fluorophores, 5 fluorophores, 6 fluorophores, seven fluorophores or eight fluorophores. In this regard, the user selects which wavelength to excite the particle, depending on the fluorophore being interrogated. Rainbow particles are commercially available, for example, from BD Biosciences (catalog nos. 556298 (mid range FL1 fluorescence), 556286 (6 color, 3.0-3.4 μm), 556288 (6 color, 6.0-6.4 μm), 559123 (8 color)) and Spherotech in various diameters (e.g., catalog nos. RCP20-5 (4 color), RCP-30-5 (6 peaks), RCP-30-5A (8 peaks)

A cell sorting set-up bead can be embedded in one or more of the hydrogel particles provided herein. In one embodiment, a cell sorting set-up beads approximates the size, emission wavelength, and intensity of a biological sample, and can be used to calibrate a flow cytometer's cell sorting system, including laser source, optics, and stream flow. In one embodiment, a cell sorting set-up beads is embedded in one or more hydrogel particles and is amenable for use with a UV, blue, green/yellow or red laser. Where a green laser is used, in one embodiment, the embedded bead is excited at 570 nm with emission of 575 nm, but may also be exited at 488 nm. Commercially available cell sorting set-up beads are available, for example, from Life Technologies (catalog nos. C-16506 (UV laser), C-16508 (blue laser), C-16509 (green-yellow laser), C-16507 (red laser)).

A compensation control bead can also be embedded in one or more of the hydrogel particles provided herein. Accurate compensation is an important parameter for effective multicolor analysis inflow cytometry. However, cellular-based compensation controls are not completely effective as many antigens are not highly expressed, and dimly stained cells can lead to inaccurate compensation settings.

A compensation control bead, in one embodiment, includes a fluorescent antibody conjugate capture capacity (positive compensation bead) or is inert (negative compensation bead). The compensation bead is mixed with a fluorophore-conjugated human, mouse, rat, hamster, or rabbit antibody; the two components provide a distinct high-signal positive control with an appropriate negative population that can then be used to set compensation properly regardless of the intensity of the cells in the actual experiment. Once the antibody is mixed with the bead, it is embedded in one or more of the hydrogel particles provided herein. Commercially available compensation beads are available, for example, from Life Technologies (catalog nos. A-10344, A-10389, A10497, A10513) and Spherotech (catalog nos. CMIg-P-08-2K, CMIg-P-30-2K, CMIg-P-50-3K, CMIg-P-70-3K).

In one embodiment, a hydrogel particle with an embedded/encapsulated bead is used as a reference for a cellular assay, for example, a phagocytosis assay cytoxicity assay, motility assay, viability assay, etc. Phagocytosis is the process by which a cell engulfs a solid particle to form an internal vesicle known as a phagosome. In this regard, a hydrogel particle can be tuned to have one or more optical properties substantially similar to a phagocyte, before and after the phagocyte engulfs a particle. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the hydrogel particles provided herein are used as control particles for a phagocytosis assay. In a further embodiment, (i) one or more of the optical properties of a hydrogel particle is substantially similar to a phagocyte prior to particle uptake and (ii) one or more of the optical properties of a second hydrogel particle is substantially similar to a phagocyte after to particle uptake. In this regard, a control is generated for measuring particle uptake by a phagocyte.

In one embodiment, the phagocyte is a professional phagocyte. In another embodiment, the phagocyte is a non-professional phagocyte (i.e., a cell that consumes dying cells and foreign organisms). In a further embodiment, the non-professional phagocyte is an epithelial cell, endothelial cell, fibroblast or mesenchymal cell. Hydrogel particles in one embodiment, are tuned to have one or more optical properties substantially similar to a professional phagocyte set forth in Table 3 below (prior to and/or after particle uptake).

TABLE 3 Location Phagocyte type Blood Neutrophil, monocyte Bone marrow Macrophage, monocyte, sinusoidal cell, lining cell Bone tissue Osteoclast Gut and intestinal Macrophage Peyer's patches Connective tissue Histiocyte, macrophage, monocyte, dendritic cell Liver Kupffer cell, monocyte Lung Self-replicating macrophage, monocyte, mast cell, dendritic cell Lymphoid tissue Free and fixed macrophages and monocytes, dendritic cell Nervous tissue Microglial cell (CD4+) Spleen Free and fixed macrophages, monocytes, sinusoidal cell Thymus Free and fixed macrophages, monocytes Skin Resident Langerhans cells, dendritic cells, conventional macrophage, mast cell

In one embodiment, a plurality of hydrogel particles of the invention, embedded with a substance such as nucleic acid or a bead is used as control reagents for a genomic cytometry assay. In this regard, a specific number of copies of a particular chromosome, RNA sequence and/or DNA sequence can be mimicked by the embedded substance. The hydrogel particle can then be used as a control for a sample being probed for genetic information, such as the number of copies of a chromosome, the number of copies of an RNA sequence and/or the number of copies of an RNA sequence.

The three primary modes of deconvolution for flow cytometry are the two passive optical properties of a particle (forward scattering, FSC, corresponding to the refractive index, or RI; and side scattering, SSC) and biomarkers present on the surface of a given cell type. Therefore, compositions that allow hydrogel particles of the disclosure to mimic specific cell types with respect to these three modes are useful for providing synthetic, robust calibrants for flow cytometry.

In one embodiment, the refractive index (RI) of a disclosed hydrogel particle is greater than about 1.10, greater than about 1.15, greater than about 1.20, greater than about 1.25, greater than about 1.30, greater than about 1.35, greater than about 1.40, greater than about 1.45, greater than about 1.50, greater than about 1.55, greater than about 1.60, greater than about 1.65, greater than about 1.70, greater than about 1.75, greater than about 1.80, greater than about 1.85, greater than about 1.90, greater than about 1.95, greater than about 2.00, greater than about 2.10, greater than about 2.20, greater than about 2.30, greater than about 2.40, greater than about 2.50, greater than about 2.60, greater than about 2.70, greater than about 2.80, or greater than about 2.90.

In another embodiment, the refractive index (RI) of a disclosed hydrogel particle is about 1.10 to about 3.0, or about 1.15 to about 3.0, or about 1.20 to about 3.0, or about 1.25 to about 3.0, or about 1.30 to about 3.0, or about 1.35 to about 3.0, or about 1.4 to about 3.0, or about 1.45 to about 3.0, or about 1.50 to about 3.0, or about 1.6 to about 3.0, or about 1.7 to about 3.0, or about 1.8 to about 3.0, or about 1.9 to about 3.0, or about 2.0 to about 3.0.

In some embodiments, the refractive index (RI) of a disclosed hydrogel particle is less than about 1.10, less than about 1.15, less than about 1.20, less than about 1.25, less than about 1.30, less than about 1.35, less than about 1.40, less than about 1.45, less than about 1.50, less than about 1.55, less than about 1.60, less than about 1.65, less than about 1.70, less than about 1.75, less than about 1.80, less than about 1.85, less than about 1.90, less than about 1.95, less than about 2.00, less than about 2.10, less than about 2.20, less than about 2.30, less than about 2.40, less than about 2.50, less than about 2.60, less than about 2.70, less than about 2.80, or less than about 2.90.

The SSC of a disclosed hydrogel particle is most meaningfully measured in comparison to that of target cell. In some embodiments, a disclosed hydrogel particle has an SSC within 30%, within 25%, within 20%, within 15%, within 10%, within 5%, or within 1% that of a target cell, as measured by a cytometric device.

The SSC of a hydrogel particle in one embodiment, is modulated by incorporating a high-refractive index molecule (or plurality thereof) in the hydrogel. In one embodiment, a high-refractive index molecule is provided in a hydrogel particle, and in a further embodiment, the high-refractive index molecule is colloidal silica, alkyl acrylate, alkyl methacrylate or a combination thereof. Thus in some embodiments, a hydrogel particle of the disclosure comprises alkyl acrylate and/or alkyl methacrylate. Concentration of monomer in one embodiment is adjusted to further adjust the refractive index of the hydrogel particle.

Alkyl acrylates or Alkyl methacrylates can contain 1 to 18, 1 to 8, or 2 to 8, carbon atoms in the alkyl group, such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl or tertbutyl, 2-ethylhexyl, heptyl or octyl groups. The alkyl group may be branched or linear.

High-refractive index molecules can also include vinylarenes such as styrene and methylstyrene, optionally substituted on the aromatic ring with an alkyl group, such as methyl, ethyl or tert-butyl, or with a halogen, such as chlorostyrene.

In some embodiments, FSC is modulated by adjusting the percentage of monomer present in the composition thereby altering the water content present during hydrogel formation. In one embodiment, where a monomer and co-monomer are employed, the ratio of monomer and co-monomer is adjusted to change the hydrogel particle's forward scatter properties. This is shown in both FIG. 11 and FIG. 12 .

The FSC of a disclosed hydrogel particle is most meaningfully measured in comparison to that of target cell. In some embodiments, a disclosed hydrogel particle has an FSC within 30%, within 25%, within 20%, within 15%, within 10%, within 5%, or within 1% that of a target cell, as measured by a cytometric device.

FSC is related to particle volume, and thus can be modulated by altering particle diameter, as described herein. Generally, it has been observed that large objects refract more light than smaller objects leading to high forward scatter signals (and vice versa). Accordingly, particle diameter in one embodiment is altered to modulate FSC properties of a hydrogel particle. For example, hydrogel particle diameter is increased in one embodiment is altered by harnessing larger microfluidic channels during particle formation.

SSC can be engineered by encapsulating nanoparticles within hydrogels to mimic organelles in a target cell. In some embodiments, a hydrogel particle of the disclosure comprises one or more types of nanoparticles selected from the group consisting of: polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) nanoparticles, polystyrene (PS) nanoparticles, and silica nanoparticles. See also FIGS. 11 and 12 which show that addition of various concentrations of nanoparticles allow for the adjustment of side scatter of a particle. Without wishing to be bound by theory, the ability to selectively tune both forward and side scatter of a hydrogel, as described herein, allows for a robust platform to mimic a vast array of cell types.

Although the invention is mainly described with respect to the modification of optical properties, the invention is not limited thereto. For example, hydrogel particles can be fabricated and adjusted to tune the capacitance of the particles, e.g., to calibrate coulter counters. In one embodiment, a hydrogel particle's capacitance is adjusted by altering the amount of hydrogel monomer in the composition. For example, polyanaline, polyacetylene; polyphenylene vinylene; polypyrrole (X=NH) and polythiophene (X=S) co-monomers; and polyaniline (X=NH/N) and polyphenylene sulfide (X=S) co-monomer concentrations can all be adjusted to alter capacitance. In one embodiment, the concentration of one or more of these monomers is increased to increase the capacitance of the hydrogel particle.

In some embodiments, a hydrogel particle of the disclosure has material modulus properties (e.g., elasticity) more closely resembling that of a target cell as compared to a polystyrene bead of the same diameter.

After the hydrogel particle is formed, one or more of the particle's surfaces can be functionalized, for example, to mimic one or more optical properties of a target cell or a labeled target cell. The functionalized hydrogel particle can also include an embedded bead or substance such as a biomolecule, as described above. In one embodiment, one or more hydrogel particles are functionalized with one or more fluorescent dyes, one or more cell surface markers (or epitope binding regions thereof), or a combination thereof. In one embodiment, the hydrogel particle is formed by polymerizing at least one bifunctional monomer and after formation, the hydrogel particle includes one or more functional groups that can be used for further attachment of a cell surface marker, an epitope binding region of a cell surface marker, a fluorescent dye, or combination thereof. The free functional group, in one embodiment, is an amine group, a carboxyl group, a hydroxyl group or a combination thereof. Depending on the functionalization desired, it is to be understood that multiple bifunctional monomers can be used, for example, to functionalize the particle using different chemistries and with different molecules.

A hydrogel particle can be functionalized with any fluorescent dye known in the art, including fluorescent dyes listed in The MolecularProbes® Handbook-A Guide to Fluorescent Probes and Labeling Technologies, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes. Functionalization can be mediated by a compound comprising a free amine group, e.g. allylamine, which can be incorporated into a bifunctional monomer used to form the hydrogel, as discussed above.

Non-limiting examples of known fluorescent dyes that can be used to functionalize the surface of a hydrogel particle described herein include: 6-carboxy-4′,5′-dichloro-2′,7′-dimethoxyfluorescein succinimidylester; 5-(and-6)-carboxyeosin; 5-carboxyfluorescein; 6 carboxyfluorescein; 5-(and-6)-carboxyfluorescein; S-carboxyfluorescein-bis-(5-carboxymethoxy-2-nitrobenzyl)ether,-alanine-carboxamide, or succinimidyl ester; 5-carboxyfluoresceinsuccinimidyl ester; 6-carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester; 5-(and-6)-carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester; 5-(4,6-dichlorotriazinyl) amino fluorescein; 2 ‘, 7’-difluoro fluorescein; eosin-5-isothiocyanate; elythrosin5-isothiocyanate; 6-(fluorescein-5-carboxamido) hexanoic acid or succinimidyl ester; 6-(fluorescein-5-(and-6)-carboxamido)hexanoic acid or succinimidylester; fluorescein-S-EX succinimidyl ester; fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate; fluorescein-6-isothiocyanate; OregonGreen® 488 carboxylic acid, or succinimidyl ester; Oregon Green® 488 isothiocyanate; Oregon Green® 488-X succinimidyl ester; Oregon Green® 500 carboxylic acid; Oregon Green® 500 carboxylic acid, succinimidylester or triethylammonium salt; Oregon Green® 514 carboxylic acid; Oregon Green® 514 carboxylic acid or succinimidyl ester; RhodamineGreen™ carboxylic acid, succinimidyl ester or hydrochloride; Rhodamine Green™ carboxylic acid, trifluoroacetamide or succinimidylester; Rhodamine Green™-X succinimidyl ester or hydrochloride; RhodolGreen™ carboxylic acid, N,O-bis-(trifluoroacetyl) or succinimidylester; bis-(4-carboxypiperidinyl) sulfonerhodamine or di(succinimidylester); 5-(and-6)carboxynaphtho fluorescein, 5-(and-6)carboxynaphthofluorescein succinimidyl ester; 5-carboxyrhodamine 6G hydrochloride; 6-carboxyrhodamine6Ghydrochloride, 5-carboxyrhodamine 6G succinimidyl ester; 6-carboxyrhodamine 6G succinimidyl ester; 5-(and-6)-carboxyrhodamine6G succinimidyl ester; 5-carboxy-2′,4′,5′,7′-tetrabromosulfonefluorescein succinimidyl esteror bis-(diisopropylethylammonium) salt; 5-carboxytetramethylrhodamine; 6-carboxytetramethylrhodamine; 5-(and-6)-carboxytetmmethylrhodamine; 5-carboxytetramethylrhodamine succinimidyl ester; 6-carboxytetramethylrhodaminesuccinimidyl ester; 5-(and -6)-carboxytetramethylrhodamine succinimidyl ester; 6-carboxy-X-rhodamine; 5-carboxy-X-rhodamine succinimidyl ester; 6-carboxy-Xrhodamine succinimidyl ester; 5-(and-6)-carboxy-Xrhodaminesuccinimidyl ester; 5-carboxy-X-rhodamine triethylammonium Salaissamine™ rhodamine B sulfonyl chloride; malachite green; isothiocyanate; NANOGOLD® mono(sulfosuccinimidyl ester); QSY® 21carboxylic acid or succinimidyl ester; QSY® 7 carboxylic acid or succinimidyl ester; Rhodamine Red™-X succinimidyl ester; 6-(tetramethylrhodamine-5-(and-6)-carboxamido) hexanoic acid; succinimidyl ester; tetramethylrhodamine-5-isothiocyanate; tetramethylrhodamine-6-isothiocyanate; tetramethylrhodamine-5-(and-6)-isothiocyanate; Texas Red® sulfonyl; Texas Red® sulfonyl chloride; Texas Red®-X STP ester or sodium salt; Texas Red®-X succinimidyl ester; Texas Red®-X succinimidyl ester; and X-rhodamine-5-(and-6) isothiocyanate.

Other examples of fluorescent dyes for use with the hydrogel particles described herein include, but are not limited to, BODIPY® dyes commercially available from Invitrogen, including, but not limited to BODIPY® FL; BODIPY® TMR STP ester; BODIPY® TR-X STP ester; BODIPY® 630/650-X STPester; BODIPY® 650/665-X STP ester; 6-dibromo-4,4-difluoro-5,7-dimethyl-4-bona-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene-3-propionic acid succinimidyl ester; 4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene-3,5-dipropionic acid; 4,4-difluoro-5,7-dimethyl-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene-3-pentanoic acid; 4,4-difluoro-5,7-dimethyl-4-bora3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene-3-pentanoic acid succinimidyl ester; 4,4-difluoro-5,7-dimefhyl-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene-3propionicacid; 4,4-difluoro-5,7-dimethyl-4-bora-3a,4adiaza-s-indacene-3-propionicacid succinimidyl ester; 4,4difluoro-5,7-dimefhyl-4-bona-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene-3propionic acid; sulfosuccinimidyl ester or sodium salt; 6-((4,4-difluoro-5,7-dimethyl-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene-3propionyl)amino) hexanoic acid; 6-((4,4-difluoro-5,7 dimethyl-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene-3-propionyl)amino) hexanoic acid or succinimidyl ester; N-(4,4-difluoro 5,7-dimethyl-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene-3-propionyl) cysteic acid, succinimidyl ester or triethylammonium salt; 6-4,4-difluoro-1,3-dimethyl-5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-bora3a, 4a4,4-difluoro-5,7-diphenyl-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-sindacene-3-propionicacid; 4,4-difluoro-5,7-diphenyl-4-bora3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene-3-propionic acid succinimidyl ester; 4,4-difluoro-5-phenyl-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene-3-propionic acid; succinimidyl ester; 6-((4,4-difluoro-5-phenyl-4 bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene-3-propionyl)amino) hexanoicacid or succinimidyl ester; 4,4-difluoro-5-(4-phenyl-1,3butadienyl)-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene-3-propionicacid succinimidyl ester; 4,4-difluoro-5-(2-pyrrolyl)-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene-3-propionic acid succinimidyl ester; 6-(((4,4-difluoro-5-(2-pyrrolyl)-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene-3-yl)styryloxy)acetyl)aminohexanoicacid or succinimidyl ester; 4,4-difluoro-5-styryl-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene-3-propionic acid; 4,4-difluoro-5-styryl-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-sindacene-3-propionic acid; succinimidyl ester; 4,4-difluoro-1,3,5,7-tetramethyl-4-bora-3a,4adiaza-s-indacene-8-propionicacid; 4,4-difluoro-1,3,5,7-tetramethyl-4bora-3a,4a-diaza-sindacene-8-propionicacid succinimidyl ester; 4,4-difluoro-5-(2-thienyl)-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-sindacene-3-propionicacid succinimidyl ester; 6-(((4-(4,4-difluoro-5-(2-thienyl)-4-bora-3a,4adiazas-indacene-3-yl)phenoxy)acetyl)amino)hexanoic acid or succinimidyl ester; and 6-(((4,4-difluoro-5-(2-thienyl)-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene-3-yl) styryloxy)acetyl) aminohexanoic acid or succinimidyl ester.

Fluorescent dyes for derivatization of the surface of one or more hydrogel particles in one embodiment, include, but are not limited to, Alexa fluor dyes commercially available from Invitrogen, including but not limited to Alexa Fluor® 350 carboxylic acid; Alexa Fluor® 430 carboxylic acid; Alexa Fluor® 488 carboxylic acid; Alexa Fluor® 532 carboxylic acid; Alexa Fluor® 546 carboxylic acid; Alexa Fluor® 555 carboxylic acid; Alexa Fluor® 568 carboxylic acid; Alexa Fluor® 594 carboxylic acid; Alexa Fluor® 633 carboxylic acid; Alexa Fluor® 64 7 carboxylic acid; Alexa Fluor® 660 carboxylic acid; and Alexa Fluor® 680 carboxylic acid. In another embodiment, fluorescent dyes for use with the hydrogel particles and methods described herein include cyanine dyes commercially available from Amersham-Pharmacia Biotech, including, but not limited to Cy3 NHS ester; Cy 5 NHS ester; Cy5.5 NHSester; and Cy7 NHS ester.

It is within the ordinary skill in the art to select a suitable dye or dyes based on the desired spectral excitation and emission properties of the hydrogel particle.

Hydrogel particles, in one embodiment, are functionalized with one or more cell surface markers (see, e.g., Tables 4 and 7-8), or fragments thereof, for example, extracellular portions thereof in the case of transmembrane proteins, for example, by attaching the one or more cell surface markers, extracellular portions or ligand binding regions thereof to the particle via a free amine, free carboxyl and/or free hydroxyl group present on the surface of the hydrogel particle. Functionalization of a hydrogel particle with a dye or cell surface molecule can also occur through a linker, for example a streptavidin/biotin conjugate.

Depending on the target cell, individual hydrogel particles can be derivatized with one or more cell surface markers, or fragments thereof, for example, extracellular portions thereof in the case of transmembrane proteins to further mimic the structural properties of the target cell. Tables 4 and 7-8, provided below, sets forth a non-limiting list of cell surface markers that can be used to derivative hydrogel particles, depending on the target cell. Although the cell surface marker is provided, it is understood that a portion of the cell surface marker, for example, a receptor binding portion, a ligand binding portion, or an extracellular portion of the marker can be used to derivative the hydrogel particle (at the free functional group, as described above). See also FIGS. 11 and 12 which show that hydrogel surface modification with for example, a cell surface receptor, together with the selective tuning of FSC and/or SSC, allows for the fabrication of a hydrogel particle with the desired feature(s).

TABLE 4 Cell Surface Marker(s) Cell Surface Marker(s) Target Cell (human) (mouse) B Cell CD19, CD20 CD19, CD22 (B cell activation marker), CD45R/B220 T Cell CD3, CD4, CD8 CD3, CD4, CD8 Activated T Cells CD25, CD69 CD25, CD69 Dendritic Cell CD1c, CD83, CD123, CD11c, CD123, MHC II CD141, CD209, MHC II Plasmacytoid CD123, CD303, CD11c^(int), CD317 Dendritic Cells* CD304 Platelet (resting) CD42b CD41 Platelet (activated) CD62P CD62P Natural Killer Cells CD16, CD56 CD49b (clone DX5) Hematopoietic Stem CD34, CD90 CD48, CD117, CD150, Cell Sca-1 Macrophage CD11b, CD68, CD163 F4/80, CD68 Monocyte CD14, CD16, CD64 CD11b, CD115, Ly-6C Plasma Cell CD138 CD138 Red Blood Cell CD235a TER-119 Neutrophil CD15, CD16 CD11b, Ly-6B.2, Ly6G, Gr-1 Basophil 2D7 antigen, CD123, CD200R3, FcεRlα CD203c, FcεRlα Eosinophil CD11b, CD193, CD11b, CD193, F4/80, EMR1, Siglec-8 Siglec-F Granulocyte CD66b CD66b, Gr-1/Ly6G, Ly6C Endothelial cell CD146 CD146 MECA-32, CD106, CD31, CD62E (activated endothelial cell) Epithelial cell CD326 CD326 (EPCAM1) Natural Killer (NK) CD56 CD335 (NKp46) cell Myeloid derived CD11b, CD14, CD33 CD11b, GR1 suppressor cell (Siglec-3) (MDSC)

Cell types including but not limited to various cell lines such as CHO, HEK-293, BHK-21, NS0, MDCK, VERO, MRC-S, W1-38 and Sp2/0 Mouse Myeloma (hybridomas). Table 5 and Table 6 each provides other cell types for use with the hydrogel particles described herein.

TABLE 5 keratinocyte of epidermis basal cell of epidermis keratinocyte of fingernails and toenails basal cell of nail bed hair shaft cells medullary hair shaft cells cortical hair shaft cells cuticular hair shaft cells hair-root sheath cells cuticular hair-root sheath cells hair-root sheath cells of Huxley's layer hair-root sheath cells of Henle's layer external hair-root sheath cells hair matrix cell (stem cell) surface epithelial cell of stratified squamous epithelium of tongue surface epithelial cell of stratified squamous epithelium of oral cavity surface epithelial cell of stratified squamous epithelium of esophagus surface epithelial cell of stratified squamous epithelium of anal canal surface epithelial cell of stratified squamous epithelium of distal urethra surface epithelial cell of stratified squamous epithelium of vagina basal cell of these epithelia cell of urinary epithelium cells of salivary gland Mucous cells of salivary gland Serous cell of salivary gland cell of von Ebner's gland in tongue cell of mammary gland cell of lacrimal gland cell of ceruminous gland of ear cell of eccrine sweat gland cell of eccrine sweat gland cell of apocrine sweat gland cell of gland of Moll in eyelid cell of sebaceous gland cell of Bowman's gland in nose cell of Brunner's gland in duodenum cell of seminal vesicle cell of prostate gland cell of bulbourethral gland cell of Bartholin's gland cell of gland of Littre cell of endometrium of uterus isolated goblet cell of respiratory and digestive tracts mucous cell of lining of stomach zymogenic cell of gastric gland oxyntic cell of gastric gland acinar cell of pancreas Paneth cell of small intestine type II pneumocyte of lung Clara cell of lung cells of anterior pituitary cell of intermediate pituitary cells of posterior pitutiary cells of gut and respiratory tract cells of thyroid gland cells of parathyroid gland cells of adrenal gland steroid hormones cells of gonads cells of juxtaglomerular apparatus of kidney juxtaglomerular cell macula densa cell peripolar cell mesangial cell brush border cell of intestine striated duct cell of exocrine glands gall bladder epithelial cell brush border cell of proximal tubule of kidney distal tubule cell of kidney nonciliated cell of ductulus efferens epididymal principal cell epididymal basal cell hepatocyte white fat cell brown fat cell lipocyte of liver type I pneumocyte pancreatic duct cell parietal cell of kidney glomerulus podocyte of kidney glomerulus cell of thin segment of loop of Henle collecting duct cell (in kidney) duct cell of seminal vesicle duct cell of prostate gland vascular endothelial cells of blood vessels and lymphatics fenestrated vascular endothelial cells continuous vascular endothelial cells splenic vascular endothelial cells synovial cell serosal cell squamous cell lining perilymphatic space of ear cells lining endolymphatic space of ear squamous cell columnar cells of endolymphatic sac “dark” cell vestibular membrane cell stria vascularis basal cell stria vascularis marginal cell cell of Claudius cell of Boettcher choroid plexus cell squamous cell of pia-arachnoid cells of ciliary epithelium of eye corneal “endothelial” cell Ciliated Cells of respiratory tract Ciliated Cells of oviduct and of endometrium of uterus Ciliated Cells of rete testis and ductulus efferens Ciliated Cells of central nervous system epithelial ameloblast nonepithelial chondrocytes osteoblast/osteocyte osteoprogenitor cell hyalocyte of vitreous body of eye stellate cell of perilymphatic space of ear skeletal muscle cells heart muscle cells smooth muscle cells (various) myoepithelial cells red blood cell megakaryocyte macrophages and related cells neutrophil eosinophil basophil mast cell T lymphocyte B lymphocyte photoreceptors (rods, cones, and can be blue sensitive, green sensitive, red sensitive) inner hair cell of organ of Corti outer hair cell of organ of Corti type I hair cell of vestibular apparatus of ear type II hair cell of vestibular apparatus of ear type II taste bud cell olfactory neuron basal cell of olfactory epithelium carotid body cell type I carotid body cell type II Merkel cell of epidermis primary sensory neurons specialized for touch (various) primary sensory neurons specialized for temperature - cold sensitive primary sensory neurons specialized for temperature - heat sensitive primary sensory neurons specialized for pain (various) proprioceptive primary sensory neurons (various) Autonomic Neurons inner pillar cell outer pillar cell inner phalangeal cell outer phalangeal cell border cell Hensen cell supporting cell of vestibular apparatus supporting cell of taste bud (type I taste bud cell) supporting cell of olfactory epithelium Schwann cell satellite cell (encapsulating peripheral nerve cell bodies) enteric glial cell neurons glial cells anterior lens epithelial cell lens fiber (crystallin-containing cell) melanocyte retinal pigmented epithelial cell oogonium/oocyte spermatocyte spermatogonium (stem cell for spermatocyte) ovarian follicle cell Sertoli cell (in testis) thymus epithelial cell Salivary gland mucous cell Salivary gland number 1 Von Ebner's gland cell in tongue Mammary gland cell Lacrimal gland cell Ceruminous gland cell in ear Eccrine sweat gland dark cell Eccrine sweat gland clear cell Apocrine sweat gland cell Gland of Moll cell in eyelid Sebaceous gland cell Bowman's gland cell in nose Brunner's gland cell in duodenum Seminal vesicle cell Prostate gland cell Bulbourethral gland cell Bartholin's gland cell Gland of Littre cell Uterus endometrium cell goblet cell of respiratory and digestive tracts Stomach lining mucous cell Gastric gland zymogenic cell Gastric gland oxyntic cell Pancreatic acinar cell Paneth cell of small intestine pneumocyte of lung Clara cell of lung anterior pituitary cells Somatotropes Lactotropes Thyrotropes Gonadotropes Corticotropes melanocyte-stimulating hormone Magnocellular neurosecretory cells secreting: Gut and respiratory tract cells secreteing: Thyroid gland cells thyroid epithelial cell parafollicular cell Parathyroid gland cells Parathyroid chief cell Oxyphil cell Adrenal gland cells chromaffin cells secreting steroid hormones (mineralcorticoids and gluco corticoids) Leydig cell of testes secreting testosterone Theca interna cell of ovarian follicle secreting estrogen Corpus luteum cell of ruptured ovarian follicle secreting progesterone Granulosa lutein cells Theca lutein cells Juxtaglomerular cell (renin secretion) Macula densa cell of kidney Peripolar cell of kidney Mesangial cell of kidney epidermal keratinocyte Epidermal basal cell Keratinocyte of fingernails and toenails Nail bed basal cell (stem cell) Medullary hair shaft cell Cortical hair shaft cell Cuticular hair shaft cell Cuticular hair root sheath cell Hair root sheath cell of Huxley's layer Hair root sheath cell of Henle's layer External hair root sheath cell Hair matrix cell (stem cell) epithelial cell of stratified squamous epithelium of cornea, epithelial cell of stratified squamous epithelium of tongue epithelial cell of stratified squamous epithelium of oral cavity epithelial cell of stratified squamous epithelium of esophagus epithelial cell of stratified squamous epithelium of anal canal epithelial cell of stratified squamous epithelium of distalurethra epithelial cell of stratified squamous epithelium of vagina basal cell (stem cell) of epithelia of cornea basal cell (stem cell) of epithelia of tongue basal cell (stem cell) of epithelia of oral cavity basal cell (stem cell) of epithelia of esophagus basal cell (stem cell) of epithelia of anal canal basal cell (stem cell) of epithelia of distal urethra basal cell (stem cell) of epithelia of vagina Urinary epithelium cell Auditory inner hair cell of organ of Corti Auditory outer hair cell of organ of Corti basal cell of olfactory epithelium Cold-sensitive primary sensory neurons Heat-sensitive primary sensory neurons Merkel cell of epidermis (touch sensor) Olfactory receptor neuron Pain-sensitive primary sensory neurons (various types) Photoreceptor cells of retina in eye: Photoreceptor rod cells Photoreceptor blue-sensitive cone cell of eye Photoreceptor green-sensitive cone cell of eye Photoreceptor red-sensitive cone cell of eye Proprioceptive primary sensory neurons Touch-sensitive primary sensory neurons Type I carotid body cell Type II carotid body cell Type I hair cell of vestibular system of ear Type II hair cell of vestibular system of ear Type I taste bud cell Cholinergic neural cell Adrenergic neural cell Peptidergic neural cell Inner pillar cell of organ of Corti Outer pillar cell of organ of Corti Inner phalangeal cell of organ of Corti Outer phalangeal cell of organ of Corti Border cell of organ of Corti Hensen cell of organ of Corti Vestibular apparatus supporting cell Taste bud supporting cell Olfactory epithelium supporting cell Schwann cell Satellite glial cell Enteric glial cell Astrocyte Neuron cells Oligodendrocyte Spindle neuron Anterior lens epithelial cell Crystallin-containing lens fiber cell Hepatocyte Adipocytes (white fat cell, brown fat cell, liver lipocyte) Kidney parietal cell Kidney glomerulus podocyte Kidney proximal tubule brush border cell Loop of Henle thin segment cell Kidney distal tubule cell Kidney collecting duct cell Type I pneumocyte Pancreatic duct cell Nonstriated duct cell principal cell Intercalated cell Duct cell Intestinal brush border cell Exocrine gland striated duct cell Gall bladder epithelial cell Ductulus efferens nonciliated cell Epididymal principal cell Epididymal basal cell Ameloblast epithelial cell Planum semilunatum epithelial cell of vestibular system of ear Organ of Corti interdental epithelial cell Loose connective tissue fibroblasts Corneal fibroblasts (corneal keratocytes) Tendon fibroblasts Bone marrow reticular tissue fibroblasts nonepithelial fibroblasts Pericyte Nucleus pulposus cell of intervertebral disc Cementoblast/cementocyte Odontoblast/odontocyte Hyaline cartilage chondrocyte Fibrocartilage chondrocyte Elastic cartilage chondrocyte Osteoblast/osteocyte Osteoprogenitor cell Hyalocyte of vitreous body of eye Stellate cell of perilymphatic space of ear Hepatic stellate cell (Ito cell) Pancreatic stelle cell skeletal muscle Cell Red skeletal muscle cell (slow) White skeletal muscle cell (fast) Intermediate skeletal muscle cell nuclear bag cell of muscle spindle nuclear chain cell of muscle spindle Satellite cell (stem cell) Heart muscle cells Ordinary heart muscle cell Nodal heart muscle cell Purkinje fiber cell Smooth muscle cell Myoepithelial cell of iris Myoepithelial cell of exocrine glands Erythrocyte Megakaryocyte Monocyte Connective tissue macrophage Epidermal Langerhans cell Osteoclast (in bone) Dendritic cell (in lymphoid tissues) Microglial cell (in central nervous system) Neutrophil granulocyte Eosinophil granulocyte Basophil granulocyte Hybridoma cell Mast cell Helper T cell Suppressor T cell Cytotoxic T cell Natural Killer T cell B cell Natural killer cell Reticulocyte Stem cells and committed progenitors for the blood and immune system (various types) Oogonium/Oocyte Spermatid Spermatocyte Spermatogonium cell Spermatozoon Ovarian follicle cell Sertoli cell (in testis) Thymus epithelial cell Interstitial kidney cells

TABLE 6 Keratinizing Epithelial Cells keratinocyte of epidermis (= differentiating epidermal cell) basal cell of epidermis (stem cell) keratinocyte of fingernails and toenails basal cell of nail bed (stem cell) hair shaft cells medullary cortical cuticular hair-root sheath cells Cuticular root sheath cells root sheath cells of Huxley's layer root sheath cells of Henle's layer external root sheath cells hair matrix cell (stem cell) Cells of Wet Stratified Barrier Epithelia surface epithelial cell of stratified squamous epithelium of cornea, tongue, oral cavity, esophagus, anal canal, distal urethra, vagina basal cell of these epithelia (stem cell) cell of urinary epithelium (lining bladder and urinary ducts) Epithelial Cells Specialized for Exocrine Secretion cells of salivary gland  mucous cell (secretion rich in polysaccharide)  serous cell (secretion rich in glycoprotein enzymes) cell of von Ebner's gland in tongue (secretion to wash over taste buds) cell of mammary gland, secreting milk cell of lacrimal gland, secreting tears cell of ceruminous gland of ear, secreting wax cell of eccrine sweat gland, secreting glycoproteins (dark cell) cell of eccrine sweat gland, secreting small molecules (clear cell) cell of apocrine sweat gland (odoriferous secretion, sex-hormone sensitive) cell of gland of Moll in eyelid (specialized sweat gland) cell of sebaceous gland, secreting lipid-rich sebum cell of Bowman's gland in nose (secretion to wash over olfactory epithelium) cell of Brunner's gland in duodenum, secreting alkaline solution of mucus and enzymes cell of seminal vesicle, secreting components of seminal fluid, including fructose (as fuel for swimming sperm) cell of prostate gland, secreting other components of seminal fluid cell of bulbourethral gland, secreting mucus cell of Bartholin's gland, secreting vaginal lubricant cell of gland of Littre, secreting mucus cell of endometrium of uterus, secreting mainly carbohydrates isolated goblet cell of respiratory and digestive tracts, secreting mucus mucous cell of lining of stomach zymogenic cell of gastric gland, secreting pepsinogen oxyntic cell of gastric gland, secreting HCl acinar cell of pancreas, secreting digestive enzymes and bicarbonate Paneth cell of small intestine, secreting lysozyme type II pneumocyte of lung, secreting surfactant Clara cell of lung (function unknown) Cells Specialized for Secretion of Hormones cells of anterior pituitary, secreting growth hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, and/or thyroid-stimulating hormone cell of intermediate pituitary, secreting melanocyte-stimulating hormone cells of posterior pitutiary, secreting oxytocin and/or vasopressin cells of gut and respiratory tract, secreting serotonin, endorphin, somatostatin, gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin, insulin, glucagon, and/or bombesin cells of thyroid gland, secreting  thyroid hormone  calcitonin cells of parathyroid gland, secreting  parathyroid hormone  oxyphil cell (function unknown) cells of adrenal gland, secreting  epinephrine  norepinephrine steroid hormones  mineralocorticoids  glucocorticoids cells of gonads, secreting  testosterone (Leydig cell of testis)  estrogen (theca interna cell of ovarian follicle)  progesterone (corpus luteum cell of ruptured ovarian follicle) cells of juxtaglomerular apparatus of kidney juxtaglomerular cell (secreting renin)  macula densa cell (uncertain but probably related in function;  peripolar cell {open oversize brace} possibly involved in secretion of  mesangial cell erythropoietin) Epithelial Absorptive Cells in Gut, Exocrine Glands, and Urogenital Tract brush border cell of intestine (with microvilli) striated duct cell of exocrine glands gall bladder epithelial cell brush border cell of proximal tubule of kidney distal tubule cell of kidney nonciliated cell of ductulus efferens epididymal principal cell epididymal basal cell Cells Specialized for Metabolism and Storage hepatocyte (liver cell) fat cells  white fat  brown fat  lipocyte of liver Epithelial Cells Serving Primarily a Barrier Function, Lining the Lung, Gut, Exocrine Glands, and Urogenital Tract type I pneumocyte (lining air space of lung) pancreatic duct cell (centroacinar cell) nonstriated duct cell of sweat gland, salivary gland, mammary gland, etc.  (various) parietal cell of kidney glomerulus podocyte of kidney glomerulus cell of thin segment of loop of Henle (in kidney) collecting duct cell (in kidney) duct cell of seminal vesicle, prostate gland, etc. (various) Epithelial Cells Lining Closed Internal Body Cavities vascular endothelial cells of blood vessels and lymphatics  fenestrated  continuous  splenic synovial cell (lining joint cavities, secreting largely hyaluronic acid) serosal cell (lining peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities) squamous cell lining perilymphatic space of ear cells lining endolymphatic space of ear  squamous cell  columnar cells of endolymphatic sac   with microvilli   without microvilli  “dark” cell  vestibular membrane cell  stria vascularis basal cell  stria vascularis marginal cell  cell of Claudius  cell of Boettcher choroid plexus cell (secreting cerebrospinal fluid) squamous cell of pia-arachnoid cells of ciliary epithelium of eye  pigmented  nonpigmented corneal “endothelial” cell Ciliated Cells with Propulsive Function Ciliated Cells of respiratory tract Ciliated Cells of oviduct and of endometrium of uterus (in female) Ciliated Cells of rete testis and ductulus efferens (in male) Ciliated Cells of central nervous system (ependymal cell lining brain cavities) Cells Specialized for Secretion of Extracellular Matrix epithelial  ameloblast (secreting enamel of tooth)  plenum semilunatum cell of vestibular apparatus of ear   (secreting proteoglycan)  interdental cell of organ of Corti (secreting tectorial “membrane”  covering  hair cells of organ of Corti) nonepithelial (connective tissue)  fibroblasts (various-of loose connective tissue, of cornea, of  tendon, of reticular tissue of bone marrow, etc.)  pericyte of blood capillary  nucleus pulposus cell of intervertebral disc  cementoblast/cementocyte (secreting bonelike cementum of  root of tooth)  odontoblast/odontocyte (secreting dentin of tooth)  chondrocytes   of hyaline cartilage   of fibrocartilage   of elastic cartilage  osteoblast/osteocyte  osteoprogenitor cell (stem cell of osteoblasts)  hyalocyte of vitreous body of eye  stellate cell of perilymphatic space of ear Contractile Cells skeletal muscle cells  red (slow)  white (fast)  intermediate  muscle spindle-nuclear bag  muscle spindle-nuclear chain  satellite cell (stem cell) heart muscle cells  ordinary  nodal  Purkinje fiber smooth muscle cells (various) myoepithelial cells  of iris  of exocrine glands Cells of Blood and Immune System red blood cell megakaryocyte macrophages and related cells  monocyte  connective-tissue macrophage (various)  Langerhans cell (in epidermis)  osteoclast (in bone)  dendritic cell (in lymphoid tissues)  microglial cell (in central nervous system) neutrophil eosinophil basophil mast cell T lymphocyte  helper T cell  suppressor T cell  killer T cell B lymphocyte  IgM  IgG  IgA  IgE killer cell stem cells and committed progenitors for the blood and  immune system (various) Sensory Transducers photoreceptors  rod  cones   blue sensitive   green sensitive   red sensitive hearing  inner hair cell of organ of Corti  outer hair cell of organ of Corti acceleration and gravity  type I hair cell of vestibular apparatus of ear  type II hair cell of vestibular apparatus of ear taste  type II taste bud cell smell  olfactory neuron basal cell of olfactory epithelium (stem cell for olfactory neurons) blood pH  carotid body cell   type I   type II touch  Merkel cell of epidermis  primary sensory neurons specialized for touch (various) temperature  primary sensory neurons specialized for temperature   cold sensitive   heat sensitive pain  primary sensory neurons specialized for pain (various) configurations and forces in musculoskeletal system  proprioceptive primary sensory neurons (various) Autonomic Neurons cholinergic (various) adrenergic (various) peptidergic (various) Supporting Cells of Sense Organs and of Peripheral Neurons supporting cells of organ of Corti inner pillar cell  outer pillar cell  inner phalangeal cell  outer phalangeal cell  border cell  Hensen cell supporting cell of vestibular apparatus supporting cell of taste bud (type I taste bud cell) supporting cell of olfactory epithelium Schwann cell satellite cell (encapsulating peripheral nerve cell bodies) enteric glial cell Neurons and Glial Cells of Central Nervous System neurons (huge variety of types-still poorly classified) glial cells  astrocyte (various)  oligodendrocyte Lens Cells anterior lens epithelial cell lens fiber (crystallin-containing cell) Pigment Cells melanocyte retinal pigmented epithelial cell Germ Cells oogonium/oocyte spermatocyte spermatogonium (stem cell for spermatocyte) Nurse Cells ovarian follicle cell Sertoli cell (in testis) thymus epithelial cell Exocrine secretory epithelial cells Salivary gland mucous cell (polysaccharide-rich secretion) Salivary gland number 1 (glycoprotein enzyme-rich secretion) Von Ebner's gland cell in tongue (washes taste buds) Mammary gland cell (milk secretion) Lacrimal gland cell (tear secretion) Ceruminous gland cell in ear (earwax secretion) Eccrine sweat gland dark cell (glycoprotein secretion) Eccrine sweat gland clear cell (small molecule secretion) Apocrine sweat gland cell (odoriferous secretion, sex-hormone sensitive) Gland of Moll cell in eyelid (specialized sweat gland) Sebaceous gland cell (lipid-rich sebum secretion) Bowman's gland cell in nose (washes olfactory epithelium) Brunner's gland cell in duodenum (enzymes and alkaline mucus) Seminal vesicle cell (secretes seminal fluid components, including fructose for swimming sperm) Prostate gland cell (secretes seminal fluid components) Bulbourethral gland cell (mucus secretion) Bartholin's gland cell (vaginal lubricant secretion) Gland of Littre cell (mucus secretion) Uterus endometrium cell (carbohydrate secretion) Isolated goblet cell of respiratory and digestive tracts (mucus secretion) Stomach lining mucous cell (mucus secretion) Gastric gland zymogenic cell (pepsinogen secretion) Gastric gland oxyntic cell (hydrochloric acid secretion) Pancreatic acinar cell (bicarbonate and digestive enzyme secretion) Paneth cell of small intestine (lysozyme secretion) Type II pneumocyte of lung (surfactant secretion) Clara cell of lung Hormone secreting cells Anterior pituitary cells  Somatotropes  Lactotropes  Thyrotropes  Gonadotropes  Corticotropes Intermediate pituitary cell, secreting melanocyte-stimulating hormone Magnocellular neurosecretory cells  secreting oxytocin  secreting vasopressin Gut and respiratory tract cells  secreting serotonin  secreting endorphin  secreting somatostatin  secreting gastrin  secreting secretin  secreting cholecystokinin  secreting insulin  secreting glucagon  secreting bombesin Thyroid gland cells  thyroid epithelial cell  parafollicular cell Parathyroid gland cells  Parathyroid chief cell  Oxyphil cell Adrenal gland cells  chromaffin cells  secreting steroid hormones (mineralcorticoids and gluco corticoids) Leydig cell of testes secreting testosterone Theca interna cell of ovarian follicle secreting estrogen Corpus luteum cell of ruptured ovarian follicle secreting progesterone  Granulosa lutein cells  Theca lutein cells Juxtaglomerular cell (renin secretion) Macula densa cell of kidney Peripolar cell of kidney Mesangial cell of kidney Derived primarily from ectoderm Integumentary system Keratinizing epithelial cells Epidermal keratinocyte (differentiating epidermal cell) Epidermal basal cell (stem cell) Keratinocyte of fingernails and toenails Nail bed basal cell (stem cell) Medullary hair shaft cell Cortical hair shaft cell Cuticular hair shaft cell Cuticular hair root sheath cell Hair root sheath cell of Huxley's layer Hair root sheath cell of Henle's layer External hair root sheath cell Hair matrix cell (stem cell) Wet stratified barrier epithelial cells Surface epithelial cell of stratified squamous epithelium of cornea, tongue, oral cavity, esophagus, anal canal, distalurethra and vagina basal cell (stem cell) of epithelia of cornea, tongue, oral cavity, esophagus, anal canal, distal urethra and vagina Urinary epithelium cell (lining urinary bladder and urinary ducts) Nervous system There are nerve cells, also known as neurons, present in our human body. They are branched out. These cells make upnervous tissue. A neuron consists of a cell body with a nucleus and cytoplasm, from which long thin hair-like parts arise. Sensory transducer cells Auditory inner hair cell of organ of Corti Auditory outer hair cell of organ of Corti Basal cell of olfactory epithelium (stem cell for olfactory neurons) Cold-sensitive primary sensory neurons Heat-sensitive primary sensory neurons Merkel cell of epidermis (touch sensor) Olfactory receptor neuron Pain-sensitive primary sensory neurons (various types) Photoreceptor cells of retina in eye:  Photoreceptor rod cells  Photoreceptor blue-sensitive cone cell of eye  Photoreceptor green-sensitive cone cell of eye  Photoreceptor red-sensitive cone cell of eye  Proprioceptive primary sensory neurons (various types) Touch-sensitive primary sensory neurons (various types) Type I carotid body cell (blood pH sensor) Type II carotid body cell (blood pH sensor) Type I hair cell of vestibular system of ear (acceleration and gravity) Type II hair cell of vestibular system of ear (acceleration and gravity) Type I taste bud cell Autonomic neuron cells Cholinergic neural cell Adrenergic neural cell Peptidergic neural cell Sense organ and peripheral neuron supporting cells Inner pillar cell of organ of Corti Outer pillar cell of organ of Corti Inner phalangeal cell of organ of Corti Outer phalangeal cell of organ of Corti Border cell of organ of Corti Hensen cell of organ of Corti Vestibular apparatus supporting cell Taste bud supporting cell Olfactory epithelium supporting cell Schwann cell Satellite glial cell (encapsulating peripheral nerve cell bodies) Enteric glial cell Central nervous system neurons and glial cells Astrocyte (various types) Neuron cells (large variety of types, still poorly classified) Oligodendrocyte Spindle neuron Lens cells Anterior lens epithelial cell Crystallin-containing lens fiber cell Derived primarily from mesoderm Metabolism and storage cells Hepatocyte (liver cell) Adipocytes:  White fat cell  Brown fat cell Liver lipocyte Barrier function cells (lung, gut, exocrine glands and urogenital tract) Kidney Kidney parietal cell Kidney glomerulus podocyte Kidney proximal tubule brush border cell Loop of Henle thin segment cell Kidney distal tubule cell Kidney collecting duct cell[disambiguation needed] Type I pneumocyte (lining air space of lung cell) Pancreatic duct cell (centroacinar cell) Nonstriated duct cell (of sweat gland, salivary gland, mammary gland, etc.)  principal cell  Intercalated cell Duct cell (of seminal vesicle, prostate gland, etc.) Intestinal brush border cell (with microvilli) Exocrine gland striated duct cell Gall bladder epithelial cell Ductulus efferens nonciliated cell Epididymal principal cell Epididymal basal cell Extracellular matrix cells Ameloblast epithelial cell (tooth enamel secretion) Plenum semilunatum epithelial cell of vestibular system of ear (proteoglycan secretion) Organ of Corti interdental epithelial cell (secreting tectorial membrane covering hair cells) Loose connective tissue fibroblasts Corneal fibroblasts (corneal keratocytes) Tendon fibroblasts Bone marrow reticular tissue fibroblasts Other nonepithelial fibroblasts Pericyte Nucleus pulposus cell of intervertebral disc Cementoblast/cementocyte (tooth root bonelike ewan cell secretion) Odontoblast/odontocyte (tooth dentin secretion) Hyaline cartilage chondrocyte Fibrocartilage chondrocyte Elastic cartilage chondrocyte Osteoblast/osteocyte Osteoprogenitor cell (stem cell of osteoblasts) Hyalocyte of vitreous body of eye Stellate cell of perilymphatic space of ear Hepatic stellate cell (Ito cell) Pancreatic stelle cell Contractile cells skeletal muscle Cell  Red skeletal muscle cell (slow)  White skeletal muscle cell (fast)  Intermediate skeletal muscle cell  nuclear bag cell of muscle spindle  nuclear chain cell of muscle spindle Satellite cell (stem cell) Heart muscle cells  Ordinary heart muscle cell  Nodal heart muscle cell  Purkinje fiber cell Smooth muscle cell (various types) Myoepithelial cell of iris Myoepithelial cell of exocrine glands Blood and immune system cells Erythrocyte (red blood cell) Megakaryocyte (platelet pecursor) Monocyte (white blood cell) Connective tissue macrophage (various types) Epidermal Langerhans cell Osteoclast (in bone) Dendritic cell (in lymphoid tissues) Microglial cell (in central nervous system) Neutrophil granulocyte Eosinophil granulocyte Basophil granulocyte Hybridoma cell Mast cell Helper T cell Suppressor T cell Cytotoxic T cell Natural Killer T cell B cell Natural killer cell Reticulocyte Stem cells and committed progenitors for the blood and immune system (various types) Germ cells Oogonium/Oocyte Spermatid Spermatocyte Spermatogonium cell (stem cell for spermatocyte) Spermatozoon Nurse cells Ovarian follicle cell Sertoli cell (in testis) Thymus epithelial cell Interstitial cells Interstitial kidney cells

TABLE 7 B Cell maturation markers for use with the hydrogel particles described herein. B-cell type Cell surface marker(s) Pro-B CD19, CD20, CD34, CD38, CD45R Pre-B CD19, CD20, CD38, CD45R Immature B CD19, CD20, CD40, CD45R, IgM Tr-B CD10, CD19, CD20, CD24, CD28 Naïve-B CD19, CD20, CD23, CD40, CD150 (SLAM), IgD, IgM B-1 CD19, CD20, CD27, IgM Memory B CD19, CD20, CD28, CD40, IgA, IgG Plasma Cell CD9, CD28, CD31, CD38, CD40, CD95 (FAS), CD184 (CXCR4)

TABLE 8 Cell surface markers for use ACD with the hydrogel particles described ACE2 herein.   14-3-3 Î ± Î² 14-3-3 Îμ 14-3-3 Î¶ 14-3-3 Î 

  14-3-3 Ïƒ 15-Lipoxygenase 1 160 kD Neurofilament Medium 200 kD Neurofilament Heavy 2H2 3G11 sialoganglioside antigen 4E-BP1 4E-BP1 Phospho (Thr37/46) 5-Methylcytidine 5HT3A receptor 5T4 68 kDa Neurofilament Light 7.1 70 kD Neurofilament Light A20 A2B5 AAK1 ABCA1 ABCA7 ABCB4 ABCB5 ABCC10 ABCC11 ABCG1 ABI2 ABIN3 ABIN3Î² ABL2 Abraxas ACAA1 ACADM ACAT2 ACBD3 ACD ACE2 Acetyl Coenzyme A Carboxylase Acetyl Coenzyme A Carboxylase Î± Acetyl Coenzyme A Synthetase Acetylated Lysine AChRÎ± AChRÎ² AChRÎ³ Aconitase2 ACOT12 ACSA2 ACSF2 ACSM5 Act1 Activation molecule 8 (B cells) Activin A Receptor Type IB Activin A Receptor Type IIB ACTN3 ACY1 ACY3 ADA ADAM12 ADE2 Adenosine A1 Receptor Adenosine A2aR Adenovirus Adenovrus Fiber monomer and trimer Adenovirus hexon protein Adenylate Kinase 1 Adenylosuccinate Lyase ADFP ADH1B ADH6 ADH7 ADI1 Adiponectin Adiponectin Receptor 2 Adipose Triglyceride Lipase ADP Ribosylation Factor ADP-ribosyltransferase 2.2 gene Adrenodoxin AF10 AFAP1 AFP AG2 AGAP1 AGPAT5 AGR2 AHSG AICDA AID AIF AIM-2 Aiolos AIPL1 AIRE AK3 AK3L1 AK5 Akt Akt (pS473) Akt (pT308) Akt1 Akt2 Akt3 Albumin Alcohol Dehydrogenase Adehyde Reductase ALDH1A1 ALDH1L1 ALDH2 ALDH3A1 ALDH3A2 ALDH5A1 ALDH6A1 ALDH7A1 ALDOB Aldolase B Alexa Fluor 405/Cascade Blue Alexa Fluor 488 ALG2 Alix Allergin1 alpha 1 Antitrypsin alpha 1 Catenin alpha 1 Sodium Potassium ATPase alpha 2 Catenin alpha 2 Macroglobulin alpha Actin 1 alpha Actin 2 alpha Actinin alpha Actinin 2 alpha Actinin 3 alpha Actinin 4 alpha Adaptin alpha Adducin alpha B Crystallin alpha Fodrin alpha Internexin alpha Synuclein ALS1 AMACR Aminopeptidase P AML1 Amphiphysin AMPKÎ± AMPKÎ ± 1 AMPKÎ ± 2 AMPKÎ²1 AMPKÎ³1 AmyloidÎ² 42 ANAPC2 AND1 Androgen Receptor Angiotensin I Angiotensin II Receptor 2 Angiotensin III ANKRD53 Annexin IV Annexin V ANP Anti-Kudoa thrysites Anti-T. brucei procyclin (GPEET) Anti-T. brucei procyclin (phosphorylated GPEET) Antiglobulin (Coombs) Antithrombin III AP2 Î± AP2 Î ± Î² AP2 Î³ AP2M1 AP2S1 APAF1 APBB3 APC APC-1 APC-10 APC-11 APC-2 APC-3 APC-5 APC-7 APC-8 APE1 APG12 APG3 APG5 APG7 APMAP Apo-2.7 Apo-2.7 (7A6) ApoE ApoE4 APOER2 Apolipoprotein AI Apolipoprotein AII Apolipoprotein AIV Apolipoprotein B Apolipoprotein CIII Apolipoprotein D Apolipoprotein E Apolipoprotein F Apolipoprotein H Apolipoprotein J Apolipoprotein L1 Apolipoprotein M Apoptotic neutrophils APP Aquaporin1 Aquaporin5 ARF1 ARF5 ARFGAP1 ARFRP1 Argonaute-1 ARH ARHGAP25 ARHGAP4 ARL11 ARL5B ARPC5 Artemis Aryl hydrocarbon Receptor ASB-1 ASCC1 ASCC2 ASGPR Asialo-GM1 ASK1 Asparagine synthetase Ataxin 1 ATF1 ATF2 ATG4A ATG9A ATIC Atlantic Salmon Ig ATM ATP citrate lyase ATP1B3 ATP5A ATP5H ATP5J ATP5O ATP6V0D1 ATP6V1B1 ATPB ATRIP Aurora A Aurora A Phospho (Thr288) Aurora B Aurora B Phospho (Thr232) AVEN Avian Influenza A Neuraminidase Avidin Axin 2 Axl B and Activated T Cells B Cell B Cell Subset B cells (pan reactive) B lymphocytes antibody [UCH-B1] b-Endorphin B-Raf Phospho (Thr598/Ser601) B18R B7-H4 BACE1 BACE2 BACH1 baculovirus envelope gp64 protein BAG1 BAG2 BAG3 BAG4 BAIAP2 BAK BAMBI BAP31 BAP37 basal cell Cytokeratin Basophils Bassoon BATF Bax BCAR1 BCAR2 BCKD complex E2 subunit Bcl-10 Bcl-2 Bcl-2 (pS70) Bcl-2 like 12 Bcl-2 like 2 Bcl-22 Bcl-2A1 Bcl-2Î± Bcl-3 Bcl-6 Bcl-xL Bcl-XS/L BCR BCSC1 BDH2 BDKRB2 BDNF Beclin1 Bestophin 3 beta 2 Adrenoreceptor Beta 3 Adrenergic Receptor beta 3 Sodium Potassium ATPase beta Actin beta Arrestin 1 beta Arrestin 2 beta Catenin beta Catenin (npaa 27-37) beta Catenin (npaa 35-50) beta Catenin (pS45) beta Dystroglycan beta galactosidase beta galactosidase fusion proteins beta Synuclein beta2 Microglobulin BHMT Bid Biglycan Bilirubin Oxidase Bim BimL BIN1 BIN3 Biotin BiP BLBP Blimp-1 BLK BLNK BLNK (pY84) Blood Group A Antigen Blood Group AB Antigen Blood Group B Antigen Blood Group H ab Antigen Blood Group H ab Antigen/n Antigen Blcod Group H inhibitor Blood Group Lewis a Blcod Group M Antigen Blood Group N Antigen Blooms Syndrome Protein Blm BM1 BMAL1 BMI1 Bmk BMP15 BMP4 BMP7 BMPR1A BMPR2 BMX bMyc BNIP2 BNIP3 BNIP3L BOB1 BORA Borealin Borrelia burgdorferi BPI BRaf BRCA1 BRCC36 BRD3 BrdU BRF1 BRG1 BRN3A Btk Btk (pY551)/Itk (pY511) BTLN-2 BTN1A1 Bu1 Bu1a Bu1a/Bu1b Bu1b BubR1 Bulb Butyrylcholinesterase C peptide C reactive protein C/EBPÎ² C1 Inhibitor C15orf40 C16orf72 C1orf50 C1Q C1QA C1QB C1QC C1QG C1r C1s C20orf30 C20orf43 C21orf56 C21orf59 C2orf43 C3 C3aR C3b C3c C3d C4 C4 binding protein C4b C4c C4d C4orf42 C5 C5aR1 C5L2 C6 C6orf64 C8A/B/G C9 C9orf41 CA125 CA19.9 CAB39 CACNA1S CACNA2 CACNG1 CAD Cadherin 1 Cadherin 10 Cadherin 11 Cadherin 7 Cadherin 8 Cadherin 9 Cadherin E Cadherin H Cadherin K Cadherin P Cadherin R CAK C Terminus CAK N Terminus CAK Phospho (Ser164/Thr170) Calbindin Calcineurin A Calcitonin Receptor Calcium Sensing Receptor Caldesmon Calgranulin A Calgranulin B Calmodulin Calnexin-ER membrane marker Calpain 1 Calpain 2 Calpain 9 Calpain S1 (small subunit) Calpastatin Calponin Calreticulin Calretinin Calsequestrin 2 CaMKI CaMKII CaMKII Phospho (Thr286) CaMKIIÎ′ CaMKIV CaMKIÎ± CAMLG cAMP Protein Kinase Catalytic subunit cAMP Protein Kinase Catalytic subunit Î± Cannabinoid Receptor I Cannabinoid Receptor II CAP-G2 CAP18 CAP2 CAP3 Carbonic Anhydrase I Carbonic Anhydrase IX Carboxylesterase 1 Carboxypeptidase A1 Carboxypeptidase A2 CARD11 CARD8 CARD9 Cardiac Troponin T CARKL CARM1 Casein Kinase 1 Î± Casein Kinase 1 Î³2 Casein Kinase 2 Î² Caspase 1 Caspase 10 Caspase 11 Caspase 12 Caspase 2 Caspase 2L Caspase 3 Caspase 4 Caspase 5 Caspase 6 Caspase 7 Caspase 8 Caspase 9 Catalase Catechol-O-methyltransferase Cathepsin D Cathepsin K Cathepsin L Caveolin1 Caveolin1 (pY14) Caveolin2 Cbl CBP CBWD1 CBX1 cCbl (pY700) cCbl (pY774) CCDC98 CCK4 CCL11 CCL17 CCL18 CCL19-Fc CCL20 CCL21 CCL25 CCL3 CCL5 CCL6 CCNB1IP1 CCR10 CCR11 CCRD6 CCRL2 CD1 CD1.1 CD10 CD100 CD101 CD102 CD103 CD104 CD105 CD106 CD107a CD107b CD108 CD109 CD11 CD110 CD111 CD112 CD113 CD114 CD115 CD116 CD117 CD118 CD119 CD11a CD11a, strain polymorphism CD11a/CD18 CD11b CD11b/c CD11c CD11d CD120a CD120b CD121a CD121b CD122 CD123 CD124 CD125 CD126 CD127 CD129 CD13 CD130 CD131 CD132 CD133 CD133/2 CD134 CD135 CD136 CD137 CD137L CD138 CD139 CD14 CD140a CD140b CD140b (pY1009) CD140b (pY1021) CD140b (pY771) CD140b (pY857) CD141 CD142 CD143 CD144 CD146 CD147 CD148 CD15 CD150 CD151 CD152 CD153 CD154 CD155 CD156c CD157 CD158a CD158a/h CD158b CD158b1/b2/j CD158d CD158e CD158e/k CD158e1 CD158e1/e2 CD158f CD158g CD158h CD158i CD158j CD159a CD159c CD15s CD16 CD16/32 CD16/56 CD160 CD161 CD161a CD162 CD162R CD163 CD164 CD165 CD166 CD167a CD168 CD169 CD16b CD17 CD170 CD171 CD172 CD172a CD172a/b CD172b CD172g CD173 CD177 CD178 CD178.1 CD179a CD179b CD18 CD180 CD181 CD182 CD183 CD184 CD185 CD186 CD19 CD191 CD192 CD193 CD194 CD195 CD195 (cytoplasmic) CD195 Phospho (Ser337) CD195 Phospho (Ser349) CD196 CD197 CD198 CD199 CD1a CD1b CD1b/c CD1c CD1d CD1d Î ± GalCer Complex CD2 CD20 CD200 CD200R CD200R3 CD201 CD202b CD203a CD203c CD204 CD205 CD206 CD207 CD208 CD209 CD209b CD21 CD21/CD35 CD210 CD212 CD213a1 CD213a2 CD217 CD218a CD22 CD22 (pY822) CD22.2 CD220 CD220Î± CD221 CD221 (pY1131) CD222 CD223 CD224 CD226 CD227 CD229 CD229.1 CD23 CD230 CD231 CD233 CD234 CD235a CD235ab CD236 CD239 CD24 CD240CE CD240DCE CD243 CD244 CD244.1 CD244.2 CD245 CD246 CD247 CD247 (pY142) CD249 CD25 CD252 CD253 CD254 CD255 CD256 CD257 CD258 CD26 CD261 CD262 CD263 CD264 CD265 CD266 CD267 CD268 CD269 CD27 CD270 CD271 CD272 CD273 CD274 CD275 CD276 CD277 CD278 CD279 CD28 CD280 CD281 CD282 CD283 CD284 CD284/MD2 Complex CD286 CD289 CD29 CD290 CD294 CD298 CD299 CD2a CD3 CD3/CD44 CD30 CD300 CD300a CD300e CD300f CD301 CD303 CD303a CD304 CD305 CD307d CD309 CD31 CD310 CD312 CD314 CD314 (activating) CD314 (blocking) CD317 CD318 CD319 CD32 CD321 CD323 CD324 CD325 CD326 CD328 CD329 CD32B CD33 CD334 CD335 CD336 CD337 CD338 CD339 CD34 CD340 CD344 CD349 CD35 CD351 CD354 CD357 CD358 CD36 CD360 CD361 CD36L1 CD37 CD38 CD39 CD39L4 CD3D CD3G CD3Î³ CD3Î′ CD3Îμ CD3Îμ (CD3 Molecular Complex) CD4 CD4 (domain 1) CD4 (domain 2) CD4 v4 CD40 CD40bp CD41 CD41/CD61 CD41a CD41b CD42a CD42b CD42d CD43 CD44 CD44 (v3) CD44 (v4) CD44 (v5) CD44 (v6) CD44 (v7) CD44.2 CD44std CD44v6 CD44var (v10) CD44var (v3) CD44var (v3-v10) CD44var (v4) CD44var (v5) CD44var (v6) CD44var (v7) CD44var (v7-v8) CD45 CD45.1 CD45.2 CD45R CD45RA CD45RB CD45RC CD45RO CD46 CD47 CD48 CD49a CD49a/CD29 CD49b CD49b/CD29 CD49b/CD61 CD49c CD49d CD49d/CD29 CD49e CD49e/CD29 CD49f CD49f/CD29 CD4Î± CD5 CD5.1 CD5.2 CD5.6 CD50 CD51 CD51/61 CD52 CD53 CD54 CD55 CD56 CD57 CD58 CD59 CD59a CD6 CD60b CD61 CD62E CD62L CD62P CD63 CD64 CD64 a, b alloantigens CD64.1 CD65 CD65s (CD65 sialylated) CD66 CD66a CD66a/b/c/e CD66a/c/d CD66a/c/d/e CD66a/c/e CD66a/e CD66b CD66c CD66c/e CD66e CD66f CD68 CD69 CD7 CD70 CD70b CD71 CD72 CD72 a, b, c alloantigens CD72 b, c alloantigens CD72.1 CD73 CD74 CD75 CD77 CD78 CD79a CD79b CD8 CD80 CD81 CD82 CD83 CD84 CD85 CD85a CD85d CD85g CD85h CD85j CD85k CD86 CD87 CD88 CD89 CD8Î± CD8Î ± .1 CD8Î ± .2 CD8Î² CD9 CD90.1 CD90.2 CD90.9 CD91 CD91Î± CD91Î² CD93 CD94 CD95 CD96 CD97 CD98 CD98hc CD99 CD99R Cdc-123 Cdc-2 (p34) Cdc-25A Phosph (Ser17) Cdc-25C Cdc-37 Cdc-45L Cdc-6 CDc-7 Cdk1 Cdk2 Cdk4 Cdk5 Cdk6 Cdk7 Cdk9 CdkA1 CdkN2A CdkN3 CDT1 CDX2 CEACAM19 CEACAM20 CEACAM7 CEBPÎ± CEBPÎ² CEND1 CENPA CENPE CENPF CENPH Centrin 2 CFAH cFos CFTR CGB5 cGK1 CH2 CHCHD5 CHD3 CHD4 Chemerin CHIPS, C-terminus CHIPS, N-terminus Chk1 Chk2 Chondroitin Sulfate CHOP Chromogranin C ChT1 chTOG cIAP1 CIAP2 CIAS1 CIDEA CIP4 CISD1 CITED1 CITED2 cJun cJun Phospho (Tyr91/Tyr93) CKIIÎ± CKMT2 CLASP1 Clathrin Claudin-1 Claudin-10 Claudin-15 Claudin-16 Claudin-18 (C-term) Claudin-18 (Mid) Claudin-4 Claudin-5 Claudin-8 CLAW-H CLEC12A CLEC1B CLEC4A CLEC4M CLEC9A CLIP CLOCK Clostridium botulinum Toxin B CLPP cMaf cMet CMKLR1 CMRF44 CMRF56 cMyb cMyc CNDP2 CNTFRÎ± COASY Coatomer Î′ Cofilin Colec12 Collagen I Collagen I/III Collagen II Collagen III Collagen IV Collagen V Collagen VI Collagen VII COMMD1 Complement Factor B Complex I Immunocapture Conjugated Choline Glutaric acid Connexin 26 Connexin 30 Connexin 30.2 Connexin 30.3 Connexin 32 Connexin 36 Connexin 37 Connexin 37 (C-term) Connexin 37 (Mid) Connexin 39 Connexin 39 (Mid) Connexin 40 (C-term) Connexin 40 (Mid) Connexin 43 Connexin 45 Connexin 45 (C-term) Connexin 46 Connexin 47 Connexin 57 (C-term) Connexin 57 (Mid) Contactin 2 COPS3 Coronavirus Coronin 1A Coronin 1B Cortactin Cortical Thymocytes COX I COX I/III COX II COX IV COX VA COX VIA1 Coxsackie Adenovirus Receptor CPF CPI17Î± Cpn10 CPO CPS1 CPT2 CRABP1 CRABP2 CRALBP Creatine Kinase BB Creatine Kinase MM CREB CREB Phospho (Ser133) cRel Cripto1 CRISP3 Crk p38 CrkL CrkL (pY207) CROT CRRY CRTAM CRTC3 CRY2 Cryptochrome I Cryptosporidium Cryptosporidium Parvum CRYZL1 CSK CSK Binding Protein CSPS cSrc CST2 CTDSP1 CTNNA3 CTNNBL1 Cullin 1 Cullin 2 Cullin 3 Cullin 4A Cullin 4A/B Cullin 4B Cutaneous Lymphocyte Antigen CUTL1 CX3CL1 CX3CR1 CXCL1 CXCL10 CXCL12Î± CXCL12Î² CXCL13 CXCL9 CXCR7 CXorf26 Cyanine CYB5R2 CYB5R3 Cyclin A Cyclin A2 Cyclin B1 Cyclin B2 Cyclin D1 Cyclin D2 Cyclin D3 Cyclin E Cyclin E2 Cyclin H Cyclins D1/D2/D3 Cyclophilin 40 CYLD CysLT1 Cystatin C Cystatin S Cytochrome B245 heavy chain Cytochrome B245 light chain Cytochrome c Cytochrome P450 17A1 Cytochrome P450 19A1 Cytochrome P450 1A2 Cytochrome P450 2A6 Cytochrome P450 2B6 Cytochrome P450 2C9 Cytochrome P450 2J2 Cytochrome P450 3A4 Cytochrome P450 3A5 Cytochrome P450 Reductase Cytokeratin Cytokeratin (acidic) Cytokeratin (basic) Cytokeratin (Pan-reactive) Cytokeratin 1 Cytokeratin 10 Cytokeratin 10/13 Cytokeratin 13 Cytokeratin 14 Cytokeratin 14/15/16/19 Cytokeratin 15 Cytokeratin 16 Cytokeratin 17 Cytokeratin 18 Cytokeratin 19 Cytokeratin 2 Cytokeratin 20 Cytokeratin 4 Cytokeratin 4/5/6/8/10/13/18 Cytokeratin 40 Cytokeratin 5 Cytokeratin 5/6/18 Cytokeratin 5/8 Cytokeratin 6 Cytokeratin 6a Cytokeratin 7 Cytokeratin 7/17 Cytokeratin 8 Cytokeratin 8/18/19 D4-GDI DAB2 DACH1 DAND5 DAP1 DAP12 DAPK1 DAPK2 DARPP32 Daxx DAZL DBC1 DCAMKL1 DCC DCIR2 DCLRE1B DCP1a DcR3 DCTN2 DcTRAIL-R1 DcTRAIL-R2 DCXR DDB1 DDDDK tag DDX3 DDX4 DDX50 DECR1 Dectin1 Dectin2 DEF8 Defensin Î ± 1 DELETE delta 1 Catenin Delta like protein 1 Delta like protein 4 Delta Opioid Receptor DeltaC DeltaD Dendritic Cell Marker Deoxycytidine kinase Desmin Desmoglein 2 Desmoglein1 Desmoplakin Destrin Dextran DGKA Dicer DISC1 (C-term) DISC1 (Mid) Dishevelled 3 Disialoganglioside GD2 Disialoganglioside GD3 Dkk1 Dkk3 DLC8 DLK1 Dlx5 DM-GRASP DMT1 DNA-PKcs DNA-PKcs Phospho (Thr2609) DNAI1 DNAJA2 DNAJB2 DNAJC3 DNAPK DNM1L Dnmt1 Dnmt3b DNP DOK2 DOK7 Dopamine Receptor D1 Dopamine Receptor D3 Dopamine Receptor D5 Dopamine Î² Hydroxylase Doublecortin DP1 DPH2 DPP10 DPP3 DPP9 Dppa4 DPYD DR3 DRAK1 DRAK2 Drebrin DTYMK DUSP23 DUSP27 DUSP3 DUSP5 DUSP6 DUX4 DYKDDDDK Epitope Tag Dynamin Dynamin1 Dynamitin Dynein light chain 2 Dysbindin Dysferlin Dystrobrevin Î± Dystrobrevin Î² Dystroglycan Phospho (Tyr893) E. Coli O/E E2A-Pbx1 E2F1 E47 E4BP4 Ea52-68 peptide bound to I-A Ea52-68 peptide bound to the I-A EAAT1 Early B Lineage EBF1 EBI3 EBP50 ECGF1 ECH1 ECRG4 EDA EDA-A2R EDG1 EDG2 EDG3 EDG6 EEA1 EEF1G EEF2 EEF2K EEN EFEMP1 EFEMP2 Eg5 Eg5 Phospho (Thr927) EGF EGF Receptor EGF Receptor (pY1173) EGF Receptor (pY845) EGF Receptor (pY992) EGR1 EGR2 EHD1 eIF1 eIF2C2 EIF2S1 eIF2Î³ eIF3 eIF3D eIF3D (p66) eIF3F eIF3G eIF3H (p40) eIF3I (p36) eIF3J eIF3K eIF4B eiF4E eIF4E (pS209) eIF4E2 eIF5A eIF6 Elastase Elk1 Elk1 (pS383) ELK3 Elongin B Elongin C EMAP II Embigin EMG1 Emi1 EMR3 EMSY Ena/Vasp-like EndoG EndoGlyx-1 Endomucin Endothelial Cells Endothelial Lipase Endothelial Venule Marker Endothelium Engrailed1 ENO1 Enolase1 eNOS eNOS (pS1177) Entpd2 Eomes Eos Epac1 Eph Receptor A1 Eph Receptor A2 Eph Receptor A4 Eph Receptor B4 Eph Receptor B6 Ephrin A2 Ephrin A3 EPHX2 EPM2AIP1 EPOR EPS15R Epsin 1 Epsin 2 ER-HR3 ER-MP54 ER-TR7 ER81 ERAB ERCC1 ERG ERK1 ERK1/2 (pT185/pY187) ERK1/2 (pT202/pY204) ERK1/ERK2 ERK2 ERK5 ERMAP ERp29 ERp72 Erythroid Cells Erzin/Radixin/Moesin ERÎ ± Phospho (Ser167) ESAM Estrogen Inducible Protein pS2 Estrogen Receptor Estrogen Receptor Î± Estrogen Receptor Î² Estrogen Related Receptor alpha ETAR Ethenoadenosine ETS1 EVI2A EVI2B EWSR1 EXD1 EXOSC3 EXOSC7 EYA2 EZH1/2 Ezrin Ezrin (pY353) F-actin F10A1 F4/80 FAA4 FABP4 Factor I Factor IX Factor VIII.vWF (delete) Factor XIIIa FADD FAHD2A FAK FAK (pS910) FAM119A FAM175A FAM84B FAM91A1 FANCC FANCD2 Fanconi anemia D2 Phospho (Ser222) FAP Fascin FBP1 FBXO21 FBXO31 FBXO42 FBXO43 Fc Receptor Binding Inhibitor Fc receptor IgA + IgM FcR FcRL6 FcRLA FcÎμRI FDC FDFT1 FDPS FE65 FeLV p27 FEN1 FER Ferritin Heavy Chain Ferritin Light Chain Ferritin, mitochondrial FES Fetal Hemoglobin FGF acidic FGF basic FGF21 FGFR1 FGFR2 FGR FH FHL1 Fibrillarin Fibrillin Fibrinogen Fibrinogen Î ± chain Fibrinogen Î³ chain Fibrinopeptide A Fibrinopeptide B Fibroblast activation protein Î± Fibroblast Surface Protein Fibroblasts/Epithelial cells Fibronectin Fibronectin Receptor Fibulin5 Ficolin B Filaggrin Filamin A FITC FITC/Oregon Green FIV FIV gp120 FIV gp95 FIV p24 FIV p24 gag FKBP12 FKBP4 FKBP6 FKBPL FLiC Flightless1 FLIP Flt3L Fluorescent Protein FLV gp70 FLYWCH2 FMC7 fMLP Receptor FMRP FNTA FNTB Follicular Dendritic Cells Fos FOXA1 FOXA2 FOXC2 FOXD3 FOXI1 FOXJ1 FOXM1 FOXO1 FOXO3A FOXP1 FOXP3 FPRL1 FR4 Fra2 Fragilis FRAT1 Frataxin Frequenin Frizzled-1 FSHÎ± FSHÎ² FUK FUS FXYD3 FYB Fyn Fyn (pY528)/c-Src (pY530) Fyn-Related Kinase FZR1 G-CSF G3BP G6PD GAB1 GAB2 GABA B Receptor 2 GABARAP GAD65 GAD67 GADD34 Galacto-cerebroside Galactocerebroside Galectin 1 Galectin 10 Galectin 3 Galectin 4 Galectin 7 Galectin 8 Galectin 9 gamma Synuclein Ganglioside GD2 Ganglioside GD3 Ganglioside GM1 Gankyrin GAP GAP43 GAPDH GARP GAS2 GAS7 GAT2 GATA1 GATA2 GATA3 GATA4 GATM GBA3 GBE1 GBP1 GBP2 GBP5 GC1qR GCDFP15 GCDH GCK1 GCLM GCN2 GCN5 GCTM2 GDAP1L1 GDF15 Gelsolin Gemin1 Gephyrin GFAP GFP GILZ GIMAP4 GIPR GIT2 GITRL GLAST Gli1 Glial Fibrilary Acidic Protein Glicentin GLIPR1L1 Glucagon Glucocorticoid Receptor Glucocorticoid Receptor alpha Glucose 1 Dehydrogenase Glucose 6 Phosphate Isomerase GLUH1 GLUT1 GLUT2 GLUT4 GLUT5 Glutamate receptor 2 Glutamate receptor 2/3 Glutamate receptor 3 Glutamate receptor 4 Glutaminase Glutamine Synthetase Glutaredoxin 2 Glutathione NEM Glutathione NEW Glutathione Peroxidase 1 Glutathione Peroxidase 4 Glutathione Reductase Glutathione S Transferase Î 

 2 Glutathione S Transferase Î°1 Glutathione S Transferase Î¼ Glutathione Synthetase Glycogen synthase 1 Glycoprotein IX Glycoprotein VI GM-CSF GM130 GM3.2 GNB2 GNB2L1 GNLY GNMT GnRHR Golgi Protein (58K) Golgi Zone GOLM1 GOLPH2 GOSR1 gp340 gp49R GPA33 GPCR5C GPR-120 GPR-143 GPR-151 GPR-18 GPR-30 GPR-40 GPR-48 GPR-49 GPR-50 GPR-56 GPR-73A GPR-73B GPR-77 GPR-83 GPR-86 GPR-C5C GPR-C5D Granulin Granulysin Granzyme A Granzyme B Granzyme K GRAP2 GRASP1 GRASP65 GRB2 GRB7 GRHPR GRIM19 GRK1 GRK2 GRK3 GRK5 GRK6 Growth hormone receptor GRP170 GRP94 GSC GSK3Î± GSK3Î±/I² GSK3Î² GSPT2 GST GST Epitope Tag GSTA4 GTF2D1 GTPase HRAS GTPBP4 Guanylate kinase H-2 H-2.m31 H-2Db H-2Dd H-2Kd H2-M H2-M3 H2A.X H2A.X Phospho (Ser139) H2A1J H60 HA tag HADHA HADHA/HADHB HADHB HADHSC HAND1 HAO1 Haptoglobin HARS HARS2 HBF hCGÎ± hCGÎ² hCGÎ²4 HCN4 HDAC1 HDAC10 HDAC2 HDAC3 HDAC4 HDAC6 HDAC9 HDHD1A HDHD2 HDJ2 HDLBP HE4 HEC1 HEF1 Helios Hematopoiesis related Macrophage Hematopoietic Lineage Cocktail Hematopoietic Progenitor Cell Hemoglobin Hemoglobin F Hemoglobin subunit Î± Hepatitis B Virus Hepatitis B Virus Core Antigen Hepatitis B Virus E Antigen Hepatitis B Virus Surface Antigen (Ad/Ay) Hepatitis C Virus Hepatitis C Virus Core Antigen Hepatitis C Virus NS4 Hepsin HER3 HER4 Hes1 Hexokinase Hexokinase1 Hexokinase2 HFE1 HGF HGFA Inhibitor 1 HHEX HHV8 GPCR HIBCH HID1 HIF-1Î± HIF-2Î± HIF1AN HINT1 HIP2 HIPK2 Hippocalcin Histamine H3 Receptor Histocytes Histone H1 Histone H1.0 Histone H2A Histone H2B Histone H2B type 1B Histone H3 Histone H3 Phospho (Ser10) Histone H3 Phospho (Ser28) Histone H3.3 Histone H4 HIV1 Core Antigen HIV1 p17 HIV1 p24 HIV1 p55/p17 HIV1 tat HL60 HLA Class I HLA-2Kb/2Db HLA-2kb/2Dd HLA-A HLA-A/B/C HLA-A1/A11/A26 HLA-A1/A36 HLA-A10/A11 HLA-A10/A28/B75 HLA-A10/B62/B71 HLA-A11 HLA-A2 HLA-A2/A25/A32 HLA-A2/A28 HLA-A2/A3/A29 HLA-A2/A69 HLA-A2/B17 HLA-A2/B5 HLA-A2/B57 HLA-A23/A24 HLA-A24/A11/A2403 HLA-A25 HLA-A25/A26 HLA-A25/A26/A34 HLA-A25/A32 HLA-A26/A34/B71/B62 HLA-A29 HLA-A3 HLA-A30/A31 HLA-A33/B8 HLA-A34/B71/A26 HLA-A9 HLA-A9/A25/A32 HLA-A9/A32/B13 HLA-B HLA-B12 HLA-B13/B62/B15 HLA-B14 HLA-B17 HLA-B17/B35/B44 HLA-B21/B70/B55 HLA-B27/B44/B47 HLA-B35/B57/B75/B77 HLA-B44/B75/B17 HLA-B48/B60 HLA-B5/B49/B56 HLA-B7 HLA-B8 HLA-B8/B14 HLA-BC HLA-Bw4/A9/A32 HLA-Bw6 HLA-Bw6/B77 HLA-class I free chain HLA-D HLA-DM HLA-DO HLA-DP HLA-DQ HLA-DQ/DR HLA-DQ1/DQ3 HLA-DQ1/DR7 HLA-DQ3 HLA-DQ6 HLA-DQ7 HLA-DQA1 HLA-DQB1 HLA-DQw1 HLA-DR HLA-DR/DP HLA-DR/DP/DQ HLA-DR1 HLA-DR11 HLA-DR3/DR6 HLA-DR4 HLA-DR7 HLA-DR7/DRÎ² HLA-DR8/DR12 HLA-DR9 HLA-DRA HLA-DRÎ² HLA-DRÎ²3 HLA-E HLA-G HLCS HLF HLXB9 HMG14 HMG17 HMG4 HMGB1 HMGB2 HMOX1 HMOX2 HNF4Î± hnRNPA1 hnRNPC1/C2 hnRNPD hnRNPK hnRNPL hnRNPU hnRNPUL1 Homing Receptor HOXB4 HOXB5 HP1Î± HPa1 HPa2 HPD HPd1 HPd2 HPi1 HPi2 HPi3 HPi4 HPR1 HPRT1 HPV16 E1/E4 HPx1 HPx2 Hrk Hsc70 HSD17B1 HSD3B1 HSF1 HSF2 HSF4 HSL Hsp105 Hsp14 Hsp22 HSP25 Hsp27 Hsp40 Hsp47 Hsp60 Hsp70 Hsp70-2 Hsp90 Hsp90Î± Hsp90Î² HspA4 HspA6 HSPA9 HspB2 HspB7 HSV tag HTLV I gp46 HTLV I p19 HtrA2/Omi Human Papillomavirus 16 (E7) Huntingtin HUS1 Hydrogen Potassium ATPase Î² I-Ak (AÎ ± k) I-Ak (AÎ²k) Ia (B cells) IBA1 IBP2 ICAD IDO IFABP IFN-Î± IFN-Î ± 1 IFN-Î ± 2I² IFN-Î² IFN-Î³ IFN-Î³RÎ² IFN-Î © IFNA1 IFNAR1 IFT88 Ig Ig (polyspecific) Ig light chain Î° Ig light chain Î» Ig light chain Î»1, Î»2, Î»3 IgA IgA (Fab2) IgA(H) IgA, Î° IgA, Î» IgA1 IgA2 IgD IgD (Î′ heavy chain) IgDa IgDb IgE IgE, Î° IgEa IgEb IgG IgG (Fab H/L) IgG (Fab) IgG (Fab2 Fc) IgG (Fab2 H/L) IgG (Fab2) IgG (Fc) IgG (H/L) IgG (Î³ chain specific) IgG Fd IgG light chain IgG, Î° IgG/IgM IgG/IgM/IgA IgG/IgM/IgA (Fab2 H/L) IgG/IgM/IgA (Fab2) IgG/IgM/IgA (H/L) IgG/IgY IgG1 IgG1 (heavy chain) IgG1, Î° IgG1, Î» IgG1/2a IgG1/3 IgG1a IgG1b IgG2 IgG2, Î° IgG2, Î» IgG2/3 IgG2a IgG2a, Î° IgG2a, Î» IgG2a/b IgG2b IgG2b, Î° IgG2c IgG2c, Î° IgG3 IgG3, Î° IgG3, Î» IgG4 IgGDa IgK IGKC IgL IGLC2 IgM IgM (Fab2) IgM (Fc) IgM (H/L) IgM, Î° IgM, Î» IgMa IgMb IgY Igâ€™s Ihh Ikaros IkBÎ± IkBÎ² IkBÎ¶ IKKÎ± IKKÎ² IKKÎ³ p(S376) IKKÎμ IL-10 IL-11RÎ± IL-12 IL-12 (p35) IL-12 (p70) IL-12 RÎ²1 IL-12 RÎ²2 IL-12/IL-23 (p40) IL-13 IL-15 IL-15/IL-15R IL-15RÎ± IL-16 IL-17D IL-17A IL-17A/F IL-17B IL-17C IL-17E II -17F IL-18 IL-18BP IL-19 IL-1RA IL-1RN IL-1Î± IL-1Î² IL-2 IL-20R2 IL-20RÎ± IL-20RÎ² IL-21 IL-22 IL-22RÎ ± 2 IL-23 (p19) IL-23R IL-24 IL-25 IL-27 IL-27 (p28) IL-27RÎ± IL-28 IL-28RÎ± IL-29 IL-3 IL-31 IL-32Î ± Î²Î³Î′ IL-32Î ± Î²Î' IL-33 IL-34 IL-4 IL-4RÎ± IL-5 IL-6 IL-7 IL-7RÎ± IL-8 IL-9 ILF3 ILK ILK1 ImmunofluorescenceN-Î³ IMP3 Importin9 Influenza A Virus M2 Protein Influenza B Virus Nucleoprotein ING1 ING2 ING3 ING4 Inhibin Î± iNOS INPP4A INPP4B Insulin Insulin Degrading Enzyme (IDE) Insulin Receptor R Integrin Î ± 4/Î²7 Integrin Î ± 9/Î²1 Integrin Î ± V/Î²5 Integrin Î ± V/Î²6 Integrin Î²1 Phospho (Tyr783) Integrin Î²1 Phospho (Tyr795) Integrin Î²5 Integrin Î²6 Intonrin Î²7 Intercalated DNA Intra Acrosomal Protein Intra-Acrosomal Proteins Invariant NK T IP10 IQGA1 IRAK1 IRAK3 IRAK4 IRE1 IRF1 IRF3 IRF4 IRF5 IRF6 IRF7 IRF7 (pS477/pS479) IRF8 IRF9 IRS1 IRS1 (pY896) IRS2 IRS4 ISG15 ISG20 ISL1 Isthmin1 ITCH Integrin Î ± 7 ITK ITPR1 Jagged2 JAK2 JAK3 JAM2 JAML Japanese encephalitis virus NS1 glycoprotein JNK JNK Phospho (Thr183/Tyr185) JNK1/JNK2/JNK3 JNK2 Junctional Adhesion Molecule C Junctophilin-1 (C-term) Junctophilin-1 (Mid) Junctophilin-2 (C-term) Junctophilin-3 (C-term) KAP1 KATNA1 KCNH1 KDEL KDM4D Ki-67 KIF22 KIF3A KIF4A KIFA3 Kindlin2 Kinetoplastid Membrane Protein 11 (KMP-1)) KIR-2.1 KIR-2D (pan CD158) KLF4 KLF6 KLH KLHL11 KLRA3 KLRC1 KLRG1 KMT4 KMT5A KOR-SA3544 KS1/4 Ksp37 KSR1 Ku70 Ku70/80 Ku80 Kudoa Thyrsites Kunitz Protease Inhibitor Kv4.2 L/S-MAG Labeling Check Reagent Lactate Dehydrogenase Lactate Dehydrogenase B Lambda Lamin A Lamin A/C Lamin B Receptor Lamin B1 Lamin B2 Lamin C Laminin Laminin 5 Laminin Receptor Laminin Î²1 LAMP2a LAMP2b LAT LAT (pY171) LAT (pY226) LBP LC3 LC3B LCAT Lck Lck (pY505) LDH1 LDH1/B/C LDL (MDA oxidized) LDLR LEF1 Leishmania LPG (repeat epitope) Leishmania Major Surface Protease (GP-63) LEKTI Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Leukotriene A4 hydrolase Leukotriene B4 Receptor LHX3 LI-Cadherin LIF DNA Ligase I DNA Ligase III LIM kinase 2 LIME1 LIMK1 LIMS1 Lin28 Lineage Cocktail Lipin 1 LIS1 Liver Carboxylesterase 1 LKB1 LMO2 LOX LOX1 LRP5/6 LRP6 LRPAP1 LSD1 LSP1 LSS LTÎ± Luciferase LXRÎ± Ly-108 Ly-49A Ly-49A/D Ly-49AB6 Ly-49C/F/I/H Ly-49C/I Ly-49D Ly-49E/F Ly-49F Ly-49G Ly-49G2 Ly-49G2B6 Ly-49H Ly-49I Ly-51 Ly-6A.2/Ly-6E.1 Ly-6A/E Ly-6b Ly-6B.2 Ly-6C Ly-6D Ly-6G Ly-6G/C Ly-6K Ly-77 Lymphotoxin Î² Lymphotoxin Î² Receptor Lyn LYRIC Lysophospholipase 1 Lysosomal acid lipase Lysozome Lysozyme Lyve1 M-CSF M13 Bacteriophage Coat Protein g8p M13 Bacteriophage Protein MAA Mac-2BP macroH2A.1 Macrophage Macrophage Activator Macrophage galactose lectin Macrophage/Granulocyte Macrophages/Monocytes MAD2 MadCAM1 MADD MADH7 MAFB MAG MAGE-A MAGE1 MAIR2 MAIR4 MALT1 Mammaglobin A MAP1LC3A MAP2 MAP2B MAP2K1IP1 MAP3K8 MAP4 Phospho (Ser768) MAP4K1 MAP4K4 MAPK12 MAPK6 MAPKAP Kinase 2 MAPKAP Kinase 2 Phospho (Thr334) MARCKS MARCO Marginal Zone B Cells MARK2 MARK3 MART1 Mast Cell Mast Cell Protease 11 mature macrophage marker MBD1 MBD2 MBL MCL1 MCM2 MCM3 MCM4 MCM5 MCM6 MCM7 MCP-1 MCP-4 MCP-8 MCSF MD1 MD2 MDC MECT1 MEF2A MEIS1 MEK1 MEK1 (p298) MEK1 (pS218)/MEK2 (pS222) MEK1/2 (pS222) MEK2 MEK3 MEK4 MEK5 MEK6 MEK7 MEKK1 MEKK2 MEKK3 MEKK4 Melanoma MELK MEMO1 Mena Menin MEOX2 Merlin MERTK Mesothelin Metallothionein MetRS mGluR5 MGMT MHC Class I MHC Class I (H-2Db) MHC Class I (H-2Dd) MHC Class I (H-2Dk) MHC Class I (H-2Dq/Lq) MHC Class I (H-2Kb) MHC Class I (H-2Kb/Db) MHC Class I (H-2Kb/Dd) MHC Class I (H-2Kd a3 domain) MHC Class I (H-2Kd) MHC Class I (H-2Kd/Dd) MHC Class I (H-2Kd/Dd/q/u/v) MHC Class I (H-2Kk) MHC Class I (H-2Kq) MHC Class I (H-2Ks) MHC Class I (H-2Ld) MHC Class I (H-2Ld/Db) MHC Class Ib (H2-M3) MHC Class II MHC Class II (DQ) MHC Class II (DR) MHC Class II (I-A) MHC Class II (I-A/E) MHC Class II (I-Ab) MHC Class II (I-Ab/Ad) MHC Class II (I-Ab/As) MHC Class II (I-Ad) MHC Class II (I-Ak) MHC Class II (I-Ak/Ad/Ab/Aq/Ar) MHC Class II (I-Ak/As) MHC Class II (I-Ap) MHC Class II (I-Aq) MHC Class II (I-E) MHC Class II (I-EÎ°) MHC Class II (RT1B) MHC Class II (RT1Bu) MHC Class II (RT1D) MHC Class II Î² MHC Qa1b MICA MICA/MICB MICB Microfold (M) Cells Microtubule Associated Protein 2ab Microtubule Associated Protein RP/EB 2 Midkine Mineralocorticoid Receptor MIP-1Î² MIPEP Mitochondria Mitofilin Mitofusin 1 Mitofusin 2 Mitotic Cells MKK6 MLH1 MLK3 MLL1 MLLT11 MMP1 MMP10 MMP11 MMP12 MMP13 MMP14 MMP15 MMP17 MMP19 MMP2 MMP20 MMP21 MMP26 MMP3 MMP8 MMP9 Mnk1 mNOS MnSOD Moesin Monoamine Oxidase B Monocyte/Granulocyte Mononuclear Phagocyte Mouse Embryonic Fibroblast (mEF) Feeder Cells Mouse Lineage MPP1 MRCL3 MRE11 MRGPR-X2 MRI1 MRP14 MRP2 MRP3 MRP4 MRP5 MRP6 MRP8 MRP8/14 MSC (W8B2) MSC (W3D5) MSC (W5C5) MSC (W7C6) MSC/NPC MSH2 MSH6 MSI2H MSK1 MST1 MST1/MST2 MST3 MST4 MST4/MST3/STK25 mTOR Muc-16 Muc-2 Muc-3 Muc-4 Muc-7 MULT-1 Munc13-4 Munc18 MUPP1 Mus81 Musashi1 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor 2 muscle Actin Muscleblind-like 1 MVP MYBBP1A MYBPC3 Myc tag MyD88 Myelin Basic Protein Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein Myelin PLP Myeloid Antigen Myeloid Cell Nuclear Differentiation Antigen Myeloid Lineage Myocilin Myogenin Myosin heavy chain Myosin IIA Myosin light chain 2 Myosin light chain 3 Myosin light chain kinase Myosin Phosphatase Myosin Phosphatase 1/2 MYST2 NADH2 Naf1 NAK Nanog NAPE-PLD NAT1 Native Lipoteichoic Acid Natriuretic Peptide Receptor A Natural Killer Cell Natural Killer Cell Activation Structures NBS1 NC1.1 NCF4 Nck NCOA1 NCOA2 NCX1 NDUFAF1 NDUFB4 NDUFS3 NEDD8 NEK2 NEK6 NEK7 NEK9 NEK9 Phospho (Thr210) Nestin NETO2 Neurabin1 Neuregulin1 Neuregulin3 Neuroblastoma NeuroD1 NeuroD2 Neurofibromin Neurofilament Heavy Protein Neurofilament Medium Protein Neurogenin 2 Neurokinin 1 Receptor Neuron Specific Enolase Neuronal Growth Factor Receptor Neurotensin Receptor 1 NFÎ°B p50/p105 NFÎ°B p65 (pS536) NFATc1 NFÎ°B p50 NFÎ°B p50/p105 NFÎ°B p52/p100 NFÎ°B p65 NFÎ°B p65 (pS529) NG2 NGF Nhedc2 NHERF1 Nicastrin Ninein Nitrotyrosine NKG2A/C/E NKG2AB6 NKp80 NKX3.1 NM23A NMDA Receptor 2A NMDA Receptor 2B NMDE2 NMDZ1 NMNA2 nMyc nNOS NNTM Nociceptin Nod2 Nodal Noggin NONO Nonspecific Cytotoxic Cells Notch1 Notch2 Notch3 Notch4 NOX2 NOX4 NOXA2 NPC NPM-ALK NPM/B23 Phospho (Thr199) NPM/B23 Phospho (Thr234/Thr237) NPY5R NQOI NR2E1 NRC2C Nrf2 NRG3 NSPA/B NTAL NTF97 Nucleolin Nucleolin Phospho (Thr76/Thr84) Nucleophosmin NUDC NUMA1 Nur77 O acetyl GD3 2-Oct Oct3/4 Oct3/4A 4-Oct ODAG OGDH OLIG1 OLIG2 Oligodendrocyte Marker Oligodendrocyte Marker O1 Oligodendrocyte Marker O4 Oncostatin M Receptor Orai1 OSCAR OSR1 Osteonectin Osteopontin Osteoprotegerin Otx2 OVA (SIINFEKL) H-2Kb Oval Cell Marker Ovalbumin Ovarian Carcinoma-associated Antigen OX-62 p110Î′ p120 Catenin p120 Catenin (pS268) p120 Catenin (pS288) p120 Catenin (pS879) p120 Catenin (pT310) p120 Catenin (pT916) p120 Catenin (pY228) p13 p130 p130 Cas p130 Cas (pY249) p14ARF p150, 95 p19ARF P21 p22phox p23 p27Kip1 P2RX4 P2RY8 P2X3 P2X7 P2Y6 p34Cdc-2 p38 p38 MAPK (pT180/pY182) p400 p53 p53 Acetylated (Lys305) p53 Acetylated (Lys382) p53 Phospho (Ser15) p53 Phospho (Ser37) p53 Phospho (Ser392) p53BP1 (Ser1778) p57Kip2 p60 CAF1 p62 p63 p63 (TA) p70 S6 Kinase Î² p90 Rsk p90 Rsk Phospho (Thr368/Ser372) p95 NBS1 p97 PA28Î³ PABP1 PABP2 PABPN1 PAC1 PAD2 PAG1 PAK1 PAK2 PAK3 pan Actin pan Macrophage Panendothelial Cell Antigen PAR1 Parainfluenza Virus type 1 Parainfluenza Virus type 2 Parainfluenza Virus type 3 PARC PARD3 PARK7/DJ1 PARP, Cleaved Form PARP16 PARP4 PARVA Pax2 Pax5 Pax6 Pax7 Pax8 Pax9 Paxillin Paxillin Phospho (Tyr118) Paxillin Phospho (Tyr31) PBEF PBK PBP PBR PBX3 PCB PCNA PCYT1A PD-1H PD-ECGF PDC-TREM PDCD4 PDCD6 PDE3B PDECGF PDGF-AA PDI PDK1 PDK2 PDPK1 PDPK1 (pS241) PDX1 PDZK1 PE PECR PEI-Transferrinfection Pellino 1 Pentraxin 3 PEPD Perforin Peroxiredoxin 1 Peroxiredoxin 2 Peroxiredoxin 6 PEX5 PF4 PGC1Î± PGIS PGP9.5 PGRP-Ia PGRP-S PHD1 PHD2 Phosphatidylserine Phospho SHIP Phospholipase A2 activator protein (PLAP) Phospholipase C Î²3 Phospholipase C Î³1 Phospholipase D1 Phosphoserine/threonine/tyrosine Phosphotyrosine PI 3 Kinase catalytic subunit Î± PI 3 Kinase catalytic subunit Î³ PI 3 Kinase p110 Î² PI 3 Kinase p110 Î′ PI 3 Kinase p150 PI 3 Kinase p85 Î± PI 4 kinase Î² PIAS1 PIAS3 PICK1 PIM1 PIM2 Pin1 PINK1 PIP5K2Î± PIP5KIÎ³ PIR-A/B Pirh2 PIST PiTX3 PIWIL2 PKA RIIÎ± (pS99) PKA RIIÎ² (pS114) PKA2Î² PKAR2 PKAÎ³ PKC PKCq PKCÎ± PKCÎ± (pT497) PKCÎ± (pT638) PKCÎ² PKCÎ²2 PKCÎ³ PKCÎ′ PKCÎμ PKCÎ¶ PKCÎ 

  PKCÏ . . . PKN PKN2 PKR PKX1 PLA2G1B Placental alkaline phosphatase Placental Protein 14 Plakophilin 3 Plastin L Platelet PLAU PLCÎ³1 PLCÎ³1 (pY783) PLCÎ³2 PLCÎ³2 (pY759) Plectin Pleiotrophin PlexinA1 PlexinB2 PLGF PLK1 PLK1 Phospho (Thr210) PLK4 PLSCR1 PLVAP PLZF PMCA(1-4) PMCA4 PMEL17/SILV PMN PMP70 PMS2 PNAd PNPH Podocalyxin Podoplanin POKEMON Polyhistidine Tag PON1 PON3 PP2AÎ± PP2AÎ ± Î² PPM1A PPP1A PPP5C PPP6C PR3 PRA1 PRC1 Pre-BCR Pre-T Cell Receptor Î ± Chain Prealbumin Presenilin1 Presenilin2 Prion protein PrP PRKRA PRLR PRMT1 PRMT5 pro Relaxin 1/2 pro Relaxin 2 Profilin1 Progesterone Receptor Prohibitin Prokineticin 1 Prokineticin 2 Prolactin ProMBP1 Prostaglandin D2 Receptor Prostaglandin dehydrogenase 1 Prostaglandin E Receptor EP3 Prostate Cell Surface Antigen Prostate Specific Antigen Prostatic Acid Phosphatase Proteasome 20S C2 Proteasome 20S Î ± 2 Proteasome 20S Î ± 3 Proteasome 20S Î ± 5 Proteasome 20S Î ± 6 Proteasome 20S Î ± 7 Proteasome 20SÎ ± 1/2/3/5/6/7 Protein A Protein G Protein Kinase D2 Protein Phosphatase 1Î² Protein phosphotase inhibitor 1 Protein S Proteinase Activated Receptor 4 Prothrombin PSA-NCAM PSD95 Pseudomonas Aeruginosa PSMA PSMD14 Psoriasin PTAFR PTBP1 PTEN PTGER2 PTGER4 PTHLH PTK7 PTP1B PTP4A2 PTPS PTPÎ 1/4 PTRH2 PU.1 PU60 PUMA PUMAÎ³ Pumilio1 Pumilio2 PXR PYCARD Pygopus2 Pyk2 Pyk2 (pY402) Pyruvate Dehydrogenase E1Î± Pyruvate Dehydrogenase E2 Pyruvate Dehydrogenase E2/E3bp q2 Qa1(b) Qa2 RAB11A RAB25 RAB27A RAB4 RAB5a RAB9 Rac1 Rac1/Cdc42 RAD17 RAD17 Phospho (Ser645) RAD23A RAD51 RAD54 RAD9A Radixin RAE-1Î³ RAE-1Î′ RAF1 RAGE RAIDD Rainbow Trout Ig RalBP1 RanBP9 RanGAP1 RAP1A/RAP1B RAP1GAP Raptor RARÎ± RAS RASGAP RASGRF1 RASSF1A Rb Rb (a.a. 332-344) Rb (pS780) Rb (pS807/pS811) RbAp46 RbAp48 RBC RBC (Polyclonal Rabbit) RBM35A RBP4 RBX1 RCC1 RcRL6 Red Blood Cell Relaxin 1 Relaxin 1/2 Relaxin 2 RelB RELMÎ² RELT Renin RENT1 Reptin Repulsive Guidance Molecule C Resistin REST Ret Reticular Fibroblasts and Reticular Fibres Reticulon1A Reticulum Cells Retinoblastoma 1 RFLAT1 RFP RGS6 RGS7 RGS9 RHEB Rho RhoA RHOC RhoGAP RhoGDI RIAM RICTOR RIG1 RIP1 RIP2 Rituximab RLA DQ RLA DR RNA polymerase II RNA polymerase II CTD repeat YSPTSPS RNASE-L RNASE1 RNF144B RNF168 RNF36 RNPEP ROCK1 ROR1 ROR2 RORÎ± RORÎ³ ROS RPA32/RPA2 RPA70 RPS6 RSF1 RSK1 p90 RSK2 RSK3 RSK4 RT1A RT1Aa RT1Aa, b RT1Aa, b, l RT1Ac RT1Au RT1B RT6.1 RT6.2 Ryanodine Receptor RYK RyR S-Tag S100A1 S100A10 S100A13 S100A4 S100A6 S100A9 S100Î± S100Î ± 2 S100Î² S6 (pS235/pS236) S6 (pS240) S6 (pS244) S6K SAA4 Sall4 Salmonella Paratyphi A Salmonella Typhimurium Salmonid Ig (H and L chain) Salmonid Ig (H chain) SAM68 SAMD2 SAP SARA SATB1 SATB2 SC5A5 SC6A4 SCAI SCD1 Scramblase1 SCY1-like 3 SDF1 SDF1Î± SDHA SDHB Secretory component Securin SELP Sema4A Sema7A SENP1 SEPP1 SERCA2 SerpinB1 SerpinB2 SerpinB6 Sestrin1 SFRP2 SGK1 SHC1 Shigella Boydii SHIP1 SHP1 SHP2 SHP2 (pY542) SIAH2 SIGIRR Siglec-10 Siglec-8 Siglec-9 Siglec-F Siglec-H SIK2 SIRT1 SIRT2 SIRT3 SIRT5 SIT1 SIX2 SKP1A SLA-DR Slan SLC1A3 SLC1A7 SLC22A1 SLC22A5 SLC26A6 SLC26A7 SLC30A4 SLC39A11 SLC4A3 SLC6A19 SLC6A6 SLC7A10 SLC7A14 SLC7A3 SLC7A8 SLC8A2 SLC9A6 SLP76 SLP76 (pY128) SM22Î± SMAC SMAC3 SMAD1 SMAD1 (pS463/465) SMAD1/5 SMAD1/9 SMAD2 SMAD2/3 (pS465/467) DELETE SMAD3 SMAD4 SMAD5 SMAD6 SMC1 SMC1L1 SMN Smoothelin SMURF2 SNAP25 SNX1 SOAT1 SOCS1 SOCS2 SOCS3 SOCS6 SOD2 Sodium Potassium ATPase Sonic Hedgehog Sortilin SOSC3 SOX1 SOX10 SOX17 SOX18 SOX2 SOX2 (COOH terminus) SOX2 (NH2 terminus) SOX9 SP-D Sp1 Sp3 Spectrin Î ± 1 SPHK1 Spt16 Src (pY418) SREBP1 ssDNA SSEA3 SSEA4 SSEA5 SSH3BP1 SSR2 SSR5 SSRP1 SSX2IP Stat1 Stat1 (N-Terminus) Stat1 (pS727) Stat1 (pY701) Stat1Î± Stat2 Stat3 Stat3 (pS727) Stat3 (pY705) Stat4 Stat4 (pY693) Stat5 Stat5 (pY694) Stat5a Stat5b Stat6 Stat6 (pY641) Stathmin/Op18 Phospho (Ser16) Stathmin1 Stefin B Stem Cell Factor STIM1 STK3 STK33 STK39 STOM STRO1 STUB1 SULT1A1 SULT1A3/SULT1A4 SULT1C2 SULT2A1 SUMO1 SUMO2 SUMO3 SUN1 Suppressor of Fused SUPT16H Survivin Survivin Phospho (Thr34) SV40 Large T and Small t Antigens SWC1a SWC6 SYBL1 Syk Syk (pY348) Synapsin I Synapsin II Synaptojanin2 Synaptophysin Syndecan4 SynGAP Synip Syntaxin Syntaxin6 Syntrophin SYWC T cells (pan reactive) T Lymphocytes T- and B-Cell Activation Antigen T7 tag TAB1 TACE TACI TAF172 TAF250 TAG72 Talin1 Talin2 Tamm Horsfall (Uromucoid) TANK1 TAP1 TAP2 TARDBP TARP Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase TAS1R1 Tau TBA1B Tbet TBK1 (pS172) TBX1 TC10 TCF3 TCF7L1 TCF7L2 TCL1 TCP1Î± TCP1Î² TCR TCR DO11.10 TCR HY TCR VÎ ± 11 TCR VÎ ± 11.1/11.2b, d TCR VÎ ± 2 TCR VÎ ± 24 TCR VÎ ± 24-JÎ ± 18 TCR VÎ ± 3.2 TCR VÎ ± 3.2b, c TCR VÎ ± 7.2 TCR VÎ ± 8 TCR VÎ ± 8.3 TCR VÎ²1 TCR VÎ²10a TCR VÎ²10b TCR VÎ²11 TCR VÎ²12 TCR VÎ²12b TCR VÎ²13 TCR VÎ²13.1 TCR VÎ²13.2 TCR VÎ²13.6 TCR VÎ²14 TCR VÎ²16 TCR VÎ²17 TCR VÎ²17Î± TCR VI²18 TCR VÎ²2 TCR VÎ²20 TCR VÎ²21.3 TCR VÎ²22 TCR VÎ²23 TCR VÎ²3 TCR VÎ²4 TCR VÎ²5 TCR VÎ²5.1 TCR VÎ²5.1/5.2 TCR VÎ²5.2 TCR VÎ²5.3 TCR VÎ²6 TCR VÎ²7 TCR VÎ²7.1 TCR VÎ²7.2 TCR VÎ²8 TCR VÎ²8.1/8.2 TCR VÎ²8.2 TCR VÎ²8.2/8.3 TCR VÎ²8.2/8.4 TCR VÎ²8.3 TCR VÎ²8.5 TCR VÎ²9 TCR VÎ³1.1 TCR VÎ³1.1/Î³1.2 TCR VÎ³2 TCR VÎ³3 TCR VÎ³9 TCR VÎ′1 TCR VÎ′2 TCR VÎ′4 TCR VÎ′6.3/2 TCR Î± TCR Î ± Î² TCR Î² TCR Î³Î′ TCR Î¶ TCTP TdT Tec TEF1 TEM8 Tenascin C TER119 TERF2 Terminal-Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase TERT Tetranectin TFF3 TFIIB TGF-Î² TGF-Î²1 TGF-Î²3 TGF-Î²R1 TGF-Î²R2 TGN38 TGN46 THAP11 THEMIS Thioredoxin Thioredoxin Reductase 1 ThPOK Thrombin Receptor Thrombocyte Thrombospondin Thymidine Kinase 1 Thyroglobulin TIA-1 TIAM2 Tie1 Tie2 (pY1102) Tie2 (pY992) TIF1Î² Phospho (Ser473) TIGIT Tim1 Tim2 Tim3 Tim3 Fc Fusion Protein Tim4 Tim50 Timeless TIMP1 TIMP2 TIP49A TIRAP TIS11b TL1A TLK1 TLR11 TLR12 CD285 TLR7 TLR8 TMEFF2 TMPS2 TMSA TMTSP TNAP TNAP3 TNF-Î± TNF-Î² TNFR Related Protein TNPO3 Tollip TOMM20 TOMM22 TOP1 TOP2A TOP2B TORC2 Torsin A TOX TPH1 TPPP TPTE TR11B TRA-1-60 TRA-1-60R TRA-1-81 TRA-2-49 TRA-2-54 TRADD TRAF2 TRAF4 TRAF5 TRAF6 TRAM2 Transferrin Transglutaminase Transglutaminase2 Transketolase TRAP1 TRAPPC2 TRAPÎ± Trem-like 2 Trem-like 4 TRIB2 TRIB3 TRIM TRIM25 TRIM29 TRK TrkA TrkC Trop2 Tropomyosin 1 TROY TRPC6 TRPM2 TRPM8 TRX1 Trypanosoma brucei Major Lysosomal Protein Trypanosoma brucei procyclin (EP) Trypanosoma congolense procyclin Trypanosoma cruzi LPG TSC2 Phospho (Ser664) TSC2 Phospho (Thr1462) TSG101 TSHR TSLP TSLP Receptor TSPO TTF1 Tubb3 Tuberin Tubulin Î± Tubulin Î ± 1B Tubulin Î ± 4a Tubulin Î ± 3E Tubulin Î ± 8 Tubulin Î² Tubulin Î² class III Tubulin Î²4 Tubulin Î³ tumor antigens of epithelial origin Twist2 TXNIP TYK2 TYMS Tyro3 Tyrosinase Tyrosine Hydroxylase UACA UBA52 UBC9 UBE2 UBE2L3 UBE2L6 UBE2M UBE2N UBF UBF1 Ubiquitin UBK63 UCH37 UCK UCP2 UCP3 UFM1 ULBP1 ULBP2 ULBP4 ULK3 UNC5A UNC5B UNG uPA UQCRC1 UQCRC2 Urm1 URP2 USF1 USP11 USP13 USP22 USP28 USP7 UTF1 V5 tag VAMP5/8 VAP1 VASA VASP VAV1 VAV2 VAV3 VDAC1 VEGF VEGF-120 VEGF-A VEGF-R1 VELIS-3 VGLU1 Villin Vimentin Vinculin Viperin VIPR1 Vitamin D Binding protein Vitamin D Receptor Vitronectin VMAT2 vMyb/cMyb von Willebrands factor VRK1 VSV-G tag WAPL WASP WC14 WC15 wCD44 WIP (pS488) WNT1 WNT16 WNT2 WNT5B WNT6 WSTF WWOX Xanthine Oxidase XBP1 XBP1 (COOH terminus) XBPs XCL1 XIAP XPC XPNPEP3 XRCC2 XTP4 YAP1 YB1 YES1 YY1 ZAP-70 ZAP-70 (pY292) ZAP-70 (pY319) ZAP-70 (pY319)/Syk(pY352) ZBP-1 ZIPK ZO-1 (Mid) ZONAB (Mid) Zyxin IL-33R Globo H CCL8 Siglec-G CD307e CLEC6 Snail 1 SMAD1 (pS463/pS465)/ SMAD8 (pS465/pS467) SMAD2 (pS465/pS467)/ SMAD3 (pS423/pS425) GSK-3Î² (pY216) NKX6.1 FAK (pY397) Btk (pY223)/Itk (pY180) ERK3 CD276Î² MCP-3 FcÂμR CD238 beta2 Microglobulin [b, c] Nucleostemin GPR-49 (Central LRR) GPR-49 (N-Terminal) Phospholipase C Î²4 coilin HNF1Î² Trinitrophenal Annexin VII CD301a CD301b mTOR (pS2448) PI16 MSC (W5C5) LAMP5 GPR-19 FPRL2 CXCL5 PAR2 PDGF-RÎ± ULBP6 ULBP2/5/6 IL-17B Receptor ULBP3 Arginase 1 Alkaline Phosphatase ULBP3 TrkB Osteocalcin IL-22RÎ ± 1 APJ IFN-Î±/Î² Receptor Subunit 2 FGFR3 SR-A1 Rae-1 (pan) CXCL12 TREM2 Brachyury CLEC5A Integrin Î ± 7 Mer XCR1 AML2 von Willebrands factor A2 MMP7 GLP-1R FR1 IL-1RAcP Claudin-6 Leptin Receptor Caherin 6 IL-1R type II Nectin4 Delta like protein 3 ChemR23 GPR-39 CD158b2 IL-10RÎ± LRIG1 Neuropilin2 IL-10RÎ² IL-18RÎ² GPR-44 Eph Receptor B2 Glypican3 IFN-Î³R2 IL-17C Receptor BMPR1B IL-31RA OCIL Frizzled-7 IL-26 GPR-15 PlexinD1 CD158 FPR1 HBEGF Vitamin D3 PlexinB1 Somatostatin Receptor 2 OV-6 CXCL16 Siglec-E EDG5 Ninjurin-1 Integrin Î ± 9 MHC Class II (I-Ed/j/k/p/r/u/v) ThB MAP-2 (2a & 2b) IgM Î¼-chain MHC Class I (H-2b/p) MHC Class I (H-2s/p/q/d/u/r) MHC Class I (H-2s/f) CDw60 Bad Phospho (Ser112) Caspase 3 Cleaved (Asp 175) Chk1 Phospho (Ser345) Chk2 Phospho (Thr68) Cyclin D1 Phospho (Thr286) cFos Phospho (Ser32) FosB GSK-3Î² (pSer9) Histone H3 Acetylated (Lys9) HS1 Phospho (Tyr397) Hsp27 Phospho (Ser82) ID3 CD221Î² Phospho-IRAK4 (Thr345/Ser346) Phospho-cJun (Ser73) S6 (pS240/pS244) Syk (pY525/pY526) C23 Hemoglobin Î² CD221Î± p27 cJun Phospho (Ser63) PPARÎ³ ENPP1 PILRÎ± PILRÎ² Twist1 Cadherin M CD302 CD66d CLEC14A CD242 Syndecan2 IL-32Î± CDO Cryptic Endothelin B Receptor FR3 IGSF3 CD85f Matriptase MCEMP1 mGluR4 Stabilin1 Stabilin2 Cadherin 13 GPR-109A TSPAN8 Reg1A Cadherin 12 ECE1 FABP5 IGSF4C Trem-like 1 Activin A Receptor Type IIA ALK7 BCAM BLAME CEACAM4 Claudin-3 CLP24 CRHR1 DC-STAMP Eph Receptor B3 FATP4 FcRL1 FcRL2 FcRL3 FSH-R Gi24 Histamine H1 Receptor Neu5Gc Lin28A IL-33RÎ± ATM (pSer1981) Integrin Î ± 8 Integrin Î²7 Integrin Î²8 CD158k KOR CD85i LRIG3 LRP4 MMP16 MS4A4A NAALADase-like 2 Neuropeptide Y receptor t ype 1 Oncostatin M Receptor Î² MS4A3 PEAR1 PEDF Receptor PlexinA4 Protocadherin1 ROBO2 ROBO4 EDG8 Scavenger receptor A5 Semaphorin 4A Semaphorin 4B Semaphorin 6A Siglec-16 Somatostatin Receptor 3 STING GPBAR1 TM4SF4 TMEM87A TSPAN2 VEGF-R1, 2, 3 ADAM15 Calreticulin2 Complement Factor H-related 4 CXCL6 CD158a/h/b2/f/g Ea52-68 peptide bound to I-Ab HLA-Bw4 ATF1 Phospho (Ser63) Epiregulin FATP1 Fibromodulin Furin Galanin IL-11 CD306 MFG-E8 MINA Oct4A OLIG1, 2, 3 Oncostatin M Semaphorin 3E Slug SOX3 STYK1 LTBP1 TIMP3 VAP-B WNT9a 5HT2C AATK ACLP ADAMTS15 alpha 1B Adrenoreceptor APLP1 Fluorescein/Oregon Green RXR-Î² L3MBTL3 CCL1 PRDM4 ACTH PDZ binding kinase HuC/HuD neuronal protein TDRD3 EP300 Carbonic Anhydrase VI Cholecystokinin A Receptor CCL23 CD1e Chondrolectin Chordin-Like 2 Claudin-10b Claudin-11 Claudin-12 Claudin-17 CLEC2A Coagulation Factor VII CXCL1/2/3 DDR2 DPCR1 Dipeptidyl peptidase 6 Epithelial membrane protein 3 Endoglycan Calgranulin C FATP2 FATP5 FcRLB GLP-2R GLUT3 Glypican6 GPR-22 GPR-37 GPR-37L1 INSRR LINGO1 LINGO2 mGluR2 mGluR7 MMP25 Neuromedin B Receptor NRAGE Osteoactivin Porimin Prokineticin Receptor 1 Prominin2 Semaphorin 3A SLAP-130 Somatostatin Receptor 5 SCARF1 STAMP2 TAFA3 TAFA4 TM4SF18 Tuberous Sclerosis 1 TCF8 CMG2 IL-17D Receptor Macrophage Stimulating Protein Receptor Siglec-11 Syndecan3 TGF-Î²R3 CD85e SOX7 Activin A Receptor Type IA Carbohydrate Sulfotransferase 15 CD300b CELSR3 Coagulation Factor II DC-SCRIPT DSCAM-L1 FLRT1 Frizzled-6 Glypican1 IGSF4B IL-1R9 BAZ2B BRD4 Kell Kremen2 LAX1 CD85c MIF Neprilysin2 OBCAM PlexinC1 RGM-B Wilmsâ€™ Tumor protein 1 Xg DCBLD2 ASAM Desmocollin1 Frizzled-3 MMP24 TOR WNT3a Glypican5 Jagged1/Jagged2 Pax3 CELSR2 Cyclin D1/D2 PlexinA2 TAFA5 FR4 CD315 NKG2I RAMP2 TNFRH3 Biotin GPVI MS4A4B PIR-B Semaphorin 4F IL-1F6 CD39L3 Contactin 3 CLEC4B MC3R PGRP-L PLET1 ADAM9 AMIGO3 CD99-L2 Eph Receptor A5 Ephrin B2 CD316 Kremen1 Eph Receptor B1 PlexinB3 DMBT1 FcRn LIMPII MUCDHL Patched1 SLC39A4 IGSF4A PRAT4B HHV8-ORF74 4E-BP1 Phospho (Thr36/45) 4E-BP1 Phospho (Thr69) DCAR1 Von Hippel-Lindau Isotype Control Granzyme M REA Isotype Control CD300LG MR1 CD327 B7-H6 CLEC4G BATF3 IL-38 Monocarboxylic Acid Transporter 1 MC5R TCF7 TM4SF1 GPR-49 (CRL Region) CD156a ADAM33 ADAMTS13 CCL16 CXCL17 Deltex1 FBXO15 GPR34 GPRC5A Proinsulin JAK1 MEP1A Hypocretin receptor 2 p70S6K RAE-1Îμ STRA6 FcÎ³RIIA Insulin R/IGF-I R Heterotetramer SPARCL1 Spi-B TRAM Carboxypeptidase E Islet Cell Autoantigen 1 Patched2 ST8SIA2 AML1 (pS249) AMPKÎ²1 (pS182) BRF1/2 Histone H3 Phospho (Thr11) MEK1 (pT286) MMP16 MNK Phospho (T197/T202) NUMB Hsp27 Phospho (Ser78) PKCÎ 

  (pT538) SIRT1 (pS47) ZAP-70 (pY493) ZAP-70 (pY315/pY319) sRAGE mCherry PI 3 Kinase regulatroy subunit Î± TIMP4 SRC ZAP-70 (pT493) TSC2 Phospho (S939) RagC SHIP2 MKK4 (pS257) CD79a (pY182) TRAF1 EVI1 SRC3 SOX11 IL-17F homodimer CCRL1 FOXP2 IFNAR2 REA Control CD228 Muc-13 P2X7R Btk (pY223/Itk (pY180) CD248 GILT Recoverin Cardiac Troponin I PTF1Î± NKX2.2 HLA-B7/B27 Myosin light chain 2a Myosin light chain 2v Epithelial Antigen CD79Î ± cy CD92

In one embodiment, a plurality of hydrogel particles is used to determine the dynamic range and/or sensitivity of detection of a particular cell surface marker or combination thereof on a population of target cells. For example, the population of hydrogel particles can be tuned to have the SSC and/or FSC profile of the target cell, and subpopulations of the hydrogel particle are derivatized with a specific number of copies of a cell surface marker, e.g., a cell surface receptor, or a domain thereof, for example, an epitope binding region thereof. For example, individual subpopulations of hydrogel particles can each be derivatized to have a unique number of copies, e.g., one subpopulation will contain 100 copies of a cell surface marker, a second subpopulation will contain 1,000 copies of the same cell surface marker, a third subpopulation will contain 10,000 copies of the same cell surface marker, etc. The populations of hydrogel particles are fluorescently stained for the respective cell surface marker and fluorescence is detected for hydrogel particles in each subpopulation. In this regard, the subpopulations of hydrogel particles can be used to generate a standard curve of fluorescence emission for target cells with the respective cell marker. The cell surface marker can be any of the cell surface markers provided thereof, or binding regions thereof, or a cell surface marker known to one of ordinary skill in the art.

Hydrogel particles of the disclosure behave similarly to target cells in procedures such as staining and analysis by flow cytometry or FACS. For example, in one embodiment, a hydrogel particle has one or more optical properties substantially similar to one of the cell types set forth in Table 1, Table 2 or Table 3.

In some embodiments, a target cell is an immune cell. Non-limiting examples of immune cells include B lymphocytes, also called B cells, T lymphocytes, also called T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells, monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, granulocytes, mast cells, platelets, Langerhans cells, stem cells, dendritic cells, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, tumor infiltrating (TIL) cells, gene modified immune cells including hybridomas, drug modified immune cells, and derivatives, precursors or progenitors of any of the cell types listed herein.

In some embodiments, a target cell encompasses all cells of a particular class of cell with shared properties. For example, a target cell can be a lymphocyte, including NK cells, T cells, and B cells. A target cell can be an activated lymphocyte.

In some embodiments, a target cell is a primary cell, cultured cell, established cell, normal cell, transformed cell, infected cell, stably transfected cell, transiently transfected cell, proliferating cell, or terminally differentiated cells.

In one embodiment, a target cell is a primary neuronal cell. A variety of neurons can be target cells. As non-limiting examples, a target cell can be a primary neuron; established neuron; transformed neuron; stably transfected neuron; or motor or sensory neuron.

In other embodiments, a target cell is selected from the group consisting of: primary lymphocytes, monocytes, and granulocytes.

A target cell can be virtually any type of cell, including prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Suitable prokaryotic target cells include, but are not limited to, bacteria such as E. coli, various Bacillus species, and the extremophile bacteria such as thermophiles.

Suitable eukaryotic target cells include, but are not limited to, fungi such as yeast and filamentous fungi, including species of Saccharomyces, Aspergillus, Trichoderma, and Neurospora; plant cells including those of corn, sorghum, tobacco, canola, soybean, cotton, tomato, potato, alfalfa, sunflower, etc.; and animal cells, including fish, birds and mammals. Suitable fish cells include, but are not limited to, those from species of salmon, trout, tilapia, tuna, carp, flounder, halibut, swordfish, cod and zebrafish. Suitable bird cells include, but are not limited to, those of chickens, ducks, quail, pheasants and turkeys, and other jungle foul or game birds. Suitable mammalian cells include, but are not limited to, cells from horses, cows, buffalo, deer, sheep, rabbits, rodents such as mice, rats, hamsters and guinea pigs, goats, pigs, primates, marine mammals including dolphins and whales, as well as cell lines, such as human cell lines of any tissue or stem cell type, and stem cells, including pluripotent and non-pluripotent, and non-human zygotes.

Suitable cells also include those cell types implicated in a wide variety of disease conditions, even while in a non-diseased state. Accordingly, suitable eukaryotic cell types include, but are not limited to, tumor cells of all types (e.g., melanoma, myeloid leukemia, carcinomas of the lung, breast, ovaries, colon, kidney, prostate, pancreas and testes), cardiomyocytes, dendritic cells, endothelial cells, epithelial cells, lymphocytes (T-cell and B cell), mast cells, eosinophils, vascular intimal cells, macrophages, natural killer cells, erythrocytes, hepatocytes, leukocytes including mononuclear leukocytes, stem cells such as hematopoietic, neural, skin, lung, kidney, liver and myocyte stem cells (for use in screening for differentiation and de-differentiation factors), osteoclasts, chondrocytes and other connective tissue cells, keratinocytes, melanocytes, liver cells, kidney cells, and adipocytes. In certain embodiments, the cells are primary disease state cells, such as primary tumor cells. Suitable cells also include known research cells, including, but not limited to, Jurkat T cells, NIH3T3 cells, CHO, COS, etc. See the ATCC cell line catalog, hereby expressly incorporated by reference.

In some embodiments, a target cell is a tumor microvesicle or tumor macrovesicle. Tumor microvesicles, also known as tumor-secreted microvesicles or tumor-secreted exosomes, can be found in circulating blood and may have immune-suppressive activities. Tumor microvesicles typically range in size from 30-200 nm in diameter. Larger tumor micro vesicles may be referred to as tumor macro vesicles, and can range in size from 3-10 jam in diameter.

The hydrogel particles described herein can be employed in any flow cytometer known to those of ordinary skill in the art. For example, one or more of the flow cytometers provided in Table 9 below are amenable for use with the hydrogels and assays described herein.

TABLE 9 Instruments for use with embodiments described herein Instrument Manufacturer MACSQuant ® Analyzer 10 Miltenyi MACSQuant ® VYB Miltenyi BD FACSCalibur ™ BD Biosciences BD FACSCanto ™ High Throughput Sampler BD Biosciences BD FACSCanto II BD Biosciences BD FACSCanto ™ BD Biosciences BD FACSCount ™ BD Biosciences BD Accuri ™ 06 BD Biosciences BD LSRFortessa TM X-20 BD Biosciences BD FACSCanto ™ II BD Biosciences BD LSR II BD Biosciences BD LSRFortessa ™ BD Biosciences BD FACSVerse ™ BD Biosciences BD FACSAria ™ Fusion BD Biosciences BD FACSAria ™ BD Biosciences BD FACSAria ™ III BD Biosciences BD FACSJazz ™ BD Biosciences BD Influx-WI BD Biosciences Fortessa X50. BD Biosciences FlowSight Flow Cytometer Millipore Guava easyCyte 6-2L Benchtop Flow Cytometer Millipore guava easyCyte 5HT Benchtop Flow Cytometer Millipore guava easyCyte 8 Benchtop Flow Cytometer Millipore guava easyCyte 5 Benchtop Flow Cytometer Millipore guava easyCyte 8HT Benchtop Flow Cytometer Millipore guava easyCyte 6HT-2L Benchtop Flow Cytometer Millipore ImageStreamX Mark II Imaging Flow Cytometer Millipore Muse Cell Analyzer Millipore guava easyCyte 12HT Benchtop Flow Cytometer Millipore guava easyCyte 12 Benchtop Flow Cytometer Millipore S3e ™ Cell Sorter Bio-Rad S3 ™ Cell Sorter Bio-Rad Avalon Cell Sorter Bio-Rad / Propel Labs CytoFLEX Beckman Coulter FP 1000 Cell Preparation System Beckman Coulter Vi-CELL ® XR Cell Viability Analyzer Beckman Coulter FC 500 Series Beckman Coulter MoFlo ® Astrios ™ Beckman Coulter Coulter Epics XL ™ and XL-MCL ™ Beckman Coulter Gallios ™ Beckman Coulter CyAn ™ ADP Analyzer Beckman Coulter Attune ™ Acoustic Focusing Cytometer Life Technologies Attune ® NxT Acoustic Focusing Cytometer Life Technologies EVOS Life Technologies Countess II FL Life Technologies EC800 Cell Analyzer Sony SH800 Cell Sorter Sony SP6800 Spectral Analyzer Sony SY3200 Cell Sorter Sony A50-Micro′ Apogee Flow Systems A50-Universal Apogee Flow Systems Auto40 Apogee Flow Systems FlowSight Amnis ImageStream^(x) Mark II Amnis JSAN Bay Bioscience CytoSense CytoBuoy CytoSub CytoBuoy CytoSense CytoBuoy CytoBuoy CytoBuoy Cytonome Viva ™ G1 CYTONOME GigaSort ™ CYTONOME Hydris CYTONOME Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer Agilent Technologies NovoCyte ACEA Biosciences CyFlow ® Space Partec technology CyFlow ® Cube 8 Partec technology CyFlow ® Cube 6 Partec technology CyFlow ® Ploidy Analyser Partec technology CyFlow ® Counter Partec technology CyFlow ® miniPOC Partec technology CyFlow ® SL Partec technology CyFlow ® Sorter Partec technology CyFlow ® CCA Partec technology CyFlow ® Oenolyser Partec technology NucleoCounter ® NC-3000 ™ Chemometec NucleoCounter ® NC-250 ™ Chemometec NucleoCounter ® NC-200 ™ - Chemometec High Precision Cell Counter HPC-100 Portable Flow Cytometer Cronus Technologies Ltd Cytell Cell Imaging System GE Healthcare MAGPIX Luminex Luminex ® 100/200 ™ System Luminex FLEXMAP 3D ® Luminex ImageXpress ® Velos Laser Scanning Cytometer molecular devices ClonePix ™ 2 molecular devices SpectraMax ® i3 molecular devices AQ1 Discrete Analyzer SEAL Analytical Ltd. AQ2 Discrete Analyzer SEAL Analytical Ltd. AQ400 Discrete Analyzer SEAL Analytical Ltd. AQUA 900 SEAL Analytical Ltd. AA3 HR AutoAnalyzer SEAL Analytical Ltd. AA1 AutoAnalyzer SEAL Analytical Ltd. QuAAtro39 SEAL Analytical Ltd. Infralyzer 2000 SEAL Analytical Ltd. Technicon AutoAnalyzer II (AAII) SEAL Analytical Ltd. Technicon / Bran + Luebbe TrAAcs 800-2000 SEAL Analytical Ltd. Bran + Luebbe FIA Analyzer SEAL Analytical Ltd. BioSorter ® Large Particle Flow Cytometer Union Biometrica, Inc. COPAS ™ Large Particle Flow Cytometers Union Biometrica, Inc. Cellometer Mini Cell Counter Nexcelom Cellometer Auto T4 Cell Viability Counter Nexcelom Cellometer Auto X4 Cell Viability Counter Nexcelom Cellometer Auto 1000 Cell Viability Counter Nexcelom Cellometer Auto 2000 Cell Viability Counter Nexcelom Cellometer Vision CBA Nexcelom Celigo S Nexcelom NoyoCyte ™ 1000 ACEA NoyoCyte ™ 2000 ACEA NoyoCyte ™ 2060 ACEA NoyoCyte ™ 3000 ACEA HPC-100 Handyem S1000EXi Stratedigm SE520Xi Stratedigm Sysmex ® DI-60 Sysmex CellaVision ® DM96 Sysmex CellaVision ® DM1200 Sysmex Cytation BioTek EasyCell Assistant Medica IN Cell Analyzer GE Healthcare Fluorish List Big Blue BD Biosciences Kermit Miltenyi ac6 BD Biosciences srDAs BD Biosciences a BD Biosciences FACSCanto II Immunology BD Biosciences Test Cyt Millipore milt Miltenyi ac BD Biosciences ietest BD Biosciences Curiel's Aria BD Biosciences AttuneÂ ® Acoustic Focusing Life Technologies Cytometer Blue/Violet Medawar LSRII BD Biosciences Medawar Calibur BD Biosciences FACSAria INER BD Biosciences Attune R/A Life Technologies Fortessa BD Biosciences Aria BD Biosciences SORTER BD Biosciences Cyan Beckman Coulter LSR II BD Biosciences ARIA BD Biosciences Canto II BD Biosciences F09 - LSR Fortessa 1 BD Biosciences “The Hoff” BD Biosciences 6th Floor Hess Fortessa A BD Biosciences Cerebro BDFACSAriaII BD Biosciences Mystique BDFACSAriaIII BD Biosciences Godzilla BDFACSAriaII BD Biosciences Wolverine BDFACSAriaII BD Biosciences Megatron BDFACSAriaII BD Biosciences Megatron BDFACSAriaII BD Biosciences Fortessa B BD Biosciences 6 colour Canto II BD Biosciences 10 colour LSR II BD Biosciences 4 laser 13 colour Influx sorter BD Biosciences 14 colour X20 BD Biosciences SORP BD Biosciences FACSAria INER BD Biosciences L5R561 BD Biosciences Fortessa FCF UZH BD Biosciences LSR 2 B BD Biosciences LSRII-C BD Biosciences Cal 3 BD Biosciences Aria II A BD Biosciences LSR 16 BD Biosciences LSB Fortessa BD Biosciences IMMUN LSRII BD Biosciences IRC BD Biosciences UV LSR BD Biosciences 5 Laser Aria BD Biosciences Curiel's LSR II BD Biosciences LSR Fortessa BD Biosciences Mauzeroll Aria BD Biosciences Frenette BD Biosciences Fallon Beckman Coulter Galios Beckman Coulter LSRIIFortessa BD Biosciences FACSCanto II CLSB BD Biosciences LSR II SC BD Biosciences UNCA Fortessa BD Biosciences VERSE BD Biosciences ARIAII BD Biosciences ARIAIII BD Biosciences F09 - BD LSRFortessa BD Biosciences HMRI FACSCanto II A BD Biosciences HMRI FACSCantoll B (HTS) BD Biosciences HMRI Aria III BD Biosciences L2 BD Biosciences UoN Canto BD Biosciences LSRII M902 BD Biosciences Fortessa 1 BD Biosciences F05 - FACSAria BD Biosciences F02 - FACSAria III BD Biosciences F10 - BD FACSAria III BD Biosciences F03 - Guava Millipore Aria Blue 11 Color BD Biosciences Aria Red BD Biosciences Aria Orange BD Biosciences Aria Cyan BD Biosciences Aria Emerald BD Biosciences Aria Silver BSL3 BD Biosciences LSR Fortessa BD Biosciences LSR II Bldg 4 BD Biosciences LSR Fortessa bldg 4 BD Biosciences CANTO II Bldg 50 BD Biosciences 4 Laser LSR II BD Biosciences 5 Laser LSR II BD Biosciences FACSArray BL-2 BD Biosciences FACSCalibur BD Biosciences DUAL for long term studies BD Biosciences MoFlo 1095 Production only Beckman Coulter BL-2 FACSAria III sorter BD Biosciences Astrios BL-2 sorter Beckman Coulter Tessy BD Biosciences LSR II-1 BD Biosciences Fortessa BD Biosciences 4 laser AriaIII BD Biosciences LSRFortessa BD Biosciences UoN FACSAria II cell sorter BD Biosciences Door Beckman Coulter Fortessa BD Biosciences WCI - FACSAria I BD Biosciences LSRII Karp8 BD Biosciences Karp 8 BD Biosciences Canto BD Biosciences Aria sorter BD Biosciences DI lab BD Biosciences DI FACSAria BD Biosciences Constance BD Biosciences DI FACSAria III BD Biosciences WCI_FACS Canto BD Biosciences MACSQuant 10 Miltenyi VAMC Memphis LSR BD Biosciences VAMC Memphis S3 Bio-Rad ARIA INER BD Biosciences Uhura BD Biosciences Kirk BD Biosciences Data Millipore Spock BD Biosciences McCoy BD Biosciences

EXAMPLES

The present invention is further illustrated by reference to the following Examples. However, it should be noted that these Examples, like the embodiments described above, are illustrative and are not to be construed as restricting the scope of the invention in any way.

Example 1: Generation of Hydrogel Particles

Photomasks for UV lithography were sourced from CADart Services Inc. and were designed using AutoCad (AutoDesk, Inc.). SU-8 photo resist (Microchem, Inc.) was photo crosslinked on 4″ silicon wafers using a collimated UV light source (OAI, Inc.) to create masters for microfluidic device fabrication. PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane, Sigma Aldrich, Inc.) was prepared and formed using standard published methods for soft lithography and microfluidic device fabrication (See, McDonald J C, et al., 2000, Electrophoresis 21:27-40).

Droplets were formed using flow-focusing geometry where two oil channels focus a central stream of aqueous monomer solution to break off droplets in a water-in-oil emulsion. A fluorocarbon-oil (Novec 7500 3M, Inc.) was used as the outer, continuous phase liquid for droplet formation. To stabilize droplets before polymerization, a surfactant was added at 0.5% w/w to the oil phase (ammonium carboxylate salt of Krytox 157 FSH, Dupont). To make the basic polyacrylamide gel particle, a central phase of an aqueous monomer solution containing N-acrylamide (1-20% w/v), a cross-linker (N,N′-bisacrylamide, 0.05-1% w/v), an accelerator, and ammonium persulfate (1% w/v) was used. An accelerator, (N,N,N′,N′tetramethylethylenediamine (2% vol %) was added to the oil-phase in order to trigger hydrogel particle polymerization after droplet formation.

Several co-monomers were added to the basic gel formulation to add functionality. Allyl-amine provided primary amine groups for secondary labeling after gel formation. We modulated forward scatter by adjusting the refractive index of the gel by adding co-monomers allyl acrylate and allyl methacrylate. Side scattering of the droplets was tuned by adding a colloidal suspension of silica nanoparticles and/or PMMA (poly(methyl methacrylate)) particles (˜100 nm) to the central aqueous phase prior to polymerization.

Stoichiometric multiplexing of the hydrogel particles was achieved by utilizing co-monomers containing chemically orthogonal side groups (amine, carboxyl, maleimide, epoxide, alkyne, etc.) for secondary labeling.

Droplets were formed at an average rate of 5 kHz and were collected in the fluorocarbon oil phase. Polymerization was completed at 50° C. for 30 minutes, and the resulting hydrogel particles were washed from the oil into an aqueous solution.

Example 2: Generation and Visualization of 12 11 m Hydrogel Particles

Water containing 5% acrylamide, 0.25% bisacrylamide, 0.05% allyl amine, and 0.1% ammonium persulfate was flowed through a center channel and focused by oil containing 0.1% TEMED through a 10 micron nozzle to produce 10 μm hydrogel particles, shown in FIG. 3A. Following polymerization, the particles were washed in water, shown in FIG. 3B, and conjugated to dyes of interest. The fluorescent hydrogel particles were visualized with fluorescence microscopy, shown in FIG. 3C.

Example 3: Multidimensional Tuning of Hydrogel Particle Optical Properties

As depicted in FIG. 4 , hydrogel particles are tuned in multiple dimensions to match specific cell types unlike polystyrene beads. Cells are deconvolved using combinations of optical parameters such as FSC and SSC (FIG. 4A) or secondary markers. Hydrogel particles are tuned to match the SSC and FSC of specific cell types unlike polystyrene beads (brown) which are limited in size (FSC) and side scattering (FIG. 4B). Hydrogel particles are further functionalized with stoichiometrically tuned ratios of specific chemical side-groups and secondary labels allowing the cell type to be precisely matched without suffering from biological noise as fixed cell lines do (FIG. 4C).

Example 4: Flow Cytometer Delay Time as a Function of Hydrogel Particle Diameter

As shown in FIG. 5 , the inter-drop delay for a flow cytometer can be precisely correlated to hydrogel particle diameter. Data are shown for hydrogel particles of 3, 6, 10, 32, and 50 μm diameters using flow cytometer nozzle sizes of 70 and 100 μm.

Example 5: Comparison of Hydrogel Particles with Encapsulated DNA to Cells

To form hydrogel particles with encapsulated DNA, 40 μg/mL-1000) μg/mL of reconstituted calf thymus DNA was added to a polymer mix containing 20% 19:1(acrylamide:bis-acrylamide) and 0.1% allyl amine in water. 0.4% ammoniumpersulfate was added to the mix prior to droplet formation. Hydrogel particles were formed as described in Example 1. Hydrogel particles with 200 μg/mL of encapsulated calf thymus DNA displayed cell-like staining using propidium iodide as visualized using a commercial imaging cytometer and compared to Chinese Hamster Ovary cells stained using the same procedure. Images were obtained using a Nexcelom Cellometer™ (FIG. 6 ).

Cells obtained from a buccal swab were washed in PBS and stained with propidium iodide. In parallel, populations of hydrogel particles containing a range of DNA concentrations were also stained in the same manner. Both the cell and particle suspensions were analyzed on a flow cytometer (488/590 nm excitation/emission). Flow cytometry analysis of cheek cells and the same range of encapsulated DNA particles showed that the particles display a range of cell-like fluorescent properties (FIG. 7 , left panel). The intensity of staining shows a linear correlation with the median intensity as measured by flow cytometry (FIG. 7 , right panel).

Example 6: Tuning of Hydrogel Particle Side Scattering

Colloidal silica was added at 12.5%, 6.25%, 3.125% and 0% to the aqueous fraction of the polymer mix and hydrogel particles were formed as described in Example 1. Forward and side scattering data were obtained using a flow cytometer. The results showed that side scatter signal (FIG. 8 , left panel) increased with higher percentages of encapsulated nanoparticles while forward scatter (FIG. 8 , right panel) remained generally unchanged, demonstrating the independent tuning of side scatter and forward scatter.

Example 7: Tuning of Hydrogel Particle Forward Scattering

In this experiment, the percentage of acrylamide:bis-acrylamide in the hydrogel composition was varied from between 10 and 40% to tune the refractive index of the hydrogel particles as measured by forward scattering in a flow cytometer. As shown in FIG. 9 , the forward scattering increased with increasing percentages of acrylamide: bisacrylamide as a fraction of water.

Example 8: Tuning of Hydrogel Particle Optical Properties

An example of tuning hydrogel particles to match optical properties of a desired cell subtype. Co/monomers can be combined with nanoparticles to tune both forward and side scatter properties of the hydrogels using passive optical measurements in a flow cytometer. By combining these properties with chemically labile co-monomers (e.g. allyl amine, acrylic acid), additional fluorophores/proteins/biological side groups can be added and labeled (if desired) in order to match cell subpopulation staining in addition to scattering properties. These are the three primary metric by which cells are identified using flow cytometry. Additional side groups, such as those containing heavy metals, can be used for Cy-TOF (cytometry, time of flight mass spectrometry) calibration for example. Finally, biocompatible material can be encapsulated to mimic subcellular organelle staining.

Example 9: Tuning of Hydrogel Particle Optical Properties

A 50 nm nanoparticle colloidal suspension was incorporated into the hydrogel matrix to mimic the optical properties of lymphocytes and monocytes (FIGS. 13A and 13B). The percent composition of the suspension was altered to match the blood cell subpopulations from the blood sample control (Streck) (FIG. 13C).

Specifically, the concentration of the acrylamide monomer (0.7-0.8M) of the hydrogel particle was adjusted to increase the forward scatter of the particles to match blood cell subpopulations. The percentage of bisacrylamide cross linker can also be changed to affect forward scatter (1-5%). Silica nanoparticles were used at 5% or 10% in the compositions to adjust side scatter. The results of this experiment are shown in FIG. 13 .

All, documents, patents, patent applications, publications, product descriptions, and protocols which are cited throughout this application are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties for all purposes.

The embodiments illustrated and discussed in this specification are intended only to teach those skilled in the art the best way known to the inventors to make and use the invention. Modifications and variation of the above-described embodiments of the invention are possible without departing from the invention, as appreciated by those skilled in the art in light of the above teachings. It is therefore understood that, within the scope of the claims and their equivalents, the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described. 

The invention claimed is:
 1. A population of hydrogel particles, each hydrogel particle comprising: (i) a polymer comprising a polymerized monomer and a co-monomer; (ii) one or more biomolecules; and (iii) a nanoparticle encapsulated within the hydrogel, wherein the population hydrogel particles has an optical property that is substantially similar to a corresponding property of a target cell, the optical property provided by the co-monomer, a ratio of monomer to co-monomer, or the encapsulated nanoparticle.
 2. The population of hydrogel particles of claim 1, wherein the polymerized monomer is actic acid, glycolic acid, acrylic acid, 1-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), propylene glycol methacrylate, acrylamide, N-vinylpyrrolidone (NVP), methyl methacrylate, glycidyl methacrylate, glycerol methacrylate (GMA), glycol methacrylate, ethylene glycol, fumaric acid, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, hydroxyethoxyethyl methacrylate, hydroxydiethoxyethyl methacrylate, methoxyethyl methacrylate, methoxyethoxyethyl methacrylate, methoxydiethoxyethyl methacrylate, poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate, methoxy-poly(ethylene glycol) methaciylate, methacrylic acid, sodium methacrylate, glycerol methacrylate, hydroxypropyl methacrylate, hydroxybutyl methacrylate, phenyl acylate, phenyl methacrylate, benzyl acylate, benzyl methacrylate, 2-phenylethyl acrylate, 2-phenylethyl methaciylate, 2-phenoxyethyl acrylate, 2-phenoxyethyl methaciylate, phenylthioethyl acrylate, phenylthioethyl methacrylate, 2,4,6-tribromophenyl acrylate, 2,4,6-tribromophenyl methacrylate, pentabromophenyl acrylate, pentabromophenyl methacrylate, pentachlorophenyl acrylate, pentachlorophenyl methacrylate, 2,3-dibromopropyl acrylate, 2,3-dibromopropyl methacrylate, 2-naphthyl acrylate, 2-naphthyl methacrylate, 4-methoxybenzyl acrylate, 4-methoxybenzyl methacrylate, 2-benzyloxyethyl acrylate, 2-benzyloxyethyl methacrylate, 4-chlorophenoxyethyl acrylate, 4-chlorophenoxyethyl methacrylate, 2-phenoxyethoxyethyl acrylate, 2-phenoxyethoxyethyl methacrylate, N-phenyl acrylamide, N-phenyl methacrylamide, N-benzyl acrylamide, N-benzyl methaciylamide, N,N-dibenzyl acrylamide, N,N-dibenzyl methacrylamide, N-diphenylmethyl acrylamide N-(4-methylphenyl)methyl acrylamide, N-1-naphthyl acrylamide, N-4-nitrophenyl acrylamide, N-(2-phenylethyl)acrylamide, N-triphenylmethyl acrylamide, N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acrylamide, N,N-methylphenyl acrylamide, N,N-phenyl phenylethyl acrylamide, N-diphenylmethyl methacrylamide, N-(4-methyl phenyl)methyl methacrylamide, N-1-naphthyl methacrylamide, N-4-nitrophenyl methacrylamide, N-(2-phenylethyl)methacrylamide, N-triphenylmethyl methacrylamide, N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)methacrylamide, N,N-methylphenyl methacrylamide, N,N′-phenyl phenylethyl methacrylamide, N-vinylcarbazole, 4-vinylpyridine, 2-vinylpyridinemethacrylamide, N-alkylacrylamide, N-alkylmethacrylamide, N,N-dialkylacrylamide, N-[(dialkylamino)alkyl]acrylamide, N-[(dialkylamino)alkyl]methacrylamide, (dialkylamino)alkyl acrylate, or (dialkylamino)alkyl methacrylate.
 3. The population of hydrogel particles of claim 1, wherein the polymerized monomer is acrylamide.
 4. The population of hydrogel particles of claim 1, wherein the co-monomer comprises one or more chemical side groups that are capable of reacting with a dye molecule.
 5. The population of hydrogel particles of claim 1, wherein the co-monomer is allyl amine, allyl acrylate, allyl methacrylate, allyl alcohol, allyl isothiocyanate, allyl chloride, allyl maleimide, or bis-acrylamide.
 6. The population of hydrogel particles of claim 5, wherein the bis-acrylamide is N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide, N,N′-methylenebismethacrylamide, N,N′-ethylenebisacrylamide, N,N′-ethylenebis-methacrylamide, N,N′propylenebisacryl amide, or N,N′-(1,2-dihydroxyethylene)bisacrylamide.
 7. The population of hydrogel particles of claim 1, wherein the polymer comprises polymerized acrylamide and bis-acrylamide.
 8. The population of hydrogel particles of claim 7, wherein the optical property is provided by a ratio of acrylamide to bis-acrylamide.
 9. The population of hydrogel particles of claim 1, wherein the encapsulated nanoparticle is polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polystyrene (PS), or silica.
 10. The population of hydrogel particles of claim 1, wherein the encapsulated material is PMMA.
 11. The population of hydrogel particles of claim 1, wherein the encapsulated material is PS.
 12. The population of hydrogel particles of claim 1, wherein the encapsulated material is silica.
 13. The population of hydrogel particles of claim 7, wherein the encapsulated material is silica.
 14. The population of hydrogel particles of claim 1, comprising a single species of biomolecule.
 15. The population of hydrogel particles of claim 1, comprising a plurality of different species of biomolecules.
 16. The population of hydrogel particles of claim 1, wherein each hydrogel particle comprises a surface, and the surface is functionalized with one or more biomolecules.
 17. The population of hydrogel particles of claim 16, wherein the surface is functionalized with a single species of biomolecule.
 18. The population of hydrogel particles of claim 16, wherein the surface is functionalized with a plurality of different species of biomolecules.
 19. The population of hydrogel particles of claim 1, wherein each hydrogel particle in the population of hydrogel particles comprises a known concentration of the one or more biomolecules.
 20. The population of hydrogel particles of claim 16, wherein the surface is functionalized with one or more: (a) cell surface marker, (b) nucleic acid sequence, (c) polypeptide, (d) antibody or epitope binding region thereof, or (e) combinations thereof.
 21. The population of hydrogel particles of claim 20, wherein the surface is functionalized with one more cell surface marker.
 22. The population of hydrogel particles of claim 20, wherein the surface is functionalized with one or more antibody or epitope binding region thereof.
 23. The population of hydrogel particles of claim 1, wherein the one or more biomolecules are encapsulated within the hydrogel particles.
 24. The population of hydrogel particles of claim 23, wherein the one or more encapsulated biomolecules is a nucleic acid or peptide.
 25. The population of hydrogel particles of claim 24, wherein the one or more encapsulated biomolecules is a nucleic acid.
 26. The population of hydrogel particles of claim 1, wherein one more biomolecules are encapsulated within the hydrogel particles, and a surface of the hydrogel particles is functionalized with one or more biomolecules.
 27. The population of hydrogel particles of claim 26, wherein the one or more biomolecules encapsulated within the hydrogel particles and the one or more biomolecules on the surface of the hydrogel particles are different species of biomolecules.
 28. The population of hydrogel particles of claim 1, wherein the one or more biomolecules is selected from Table
 8. 29. The population of hydrogel particles of claim 21, wherein the cell surface marker is IL15, IL21, CD137, or a combination thereof.
 30. The population of hydrogel particles of claim 21, wherein the one or more cell surface markers is CD4, CD8, CD16, CD56, CD19, or combinations thereof.
 31. The population of hydrogel particles of claim 30, wherein the target cell is a T cell, Natural Killer cell, or B cell.
 32. The population of hydrogel particles of claim 21, wherein the one or more cell surface markers is hemoglobin.
 33. The population of hydrogel particles of claim 32, wherein the hemoglobin is human hemoglobin.
 34. The population of hydrogel particles of claim 32, wherein the target cell is an erythrocyte or monocyte.
 35. The population of hydrogel particles of claim 1, having an average particle volume, average particle diameter, or both that is substantially similar to the target cell.
 36. The population of hydrogel particles of claim 33, having an average particle volume, average particle diameter, or both that is substantially similar to the target cell.
 37. The population of hydrogel particles of claim 1, wherein each hydrogel particle in the population of hydrogel particles has substantially the same concentration of the one or more biomolecules.
 38. The population of hydrogel particles of claim 1, wherein the hydrogel particle has an elasticity that is substantially similar to the elasticity of a target cell.
 39. An aqueous suspension comprising the population of hydrogel particles of claim 1 suspended therein.
 40. A population of hydrogel particles, each hydrogel particle comprising: (i) a polymer comprising a polymerized monomer and a co-monomer; (ii) one or more biomolecules comprising CD4, CD8, CD16, CD56, CD19, IL15, IL21, CD137, hemoglobin, or combinations thereof; and (iii) a nanoparticle encapsulated within the hydrogel, wherein each hydrogel comprises a diameter ranging from 1-100 μm, and no more than about 10% of the hydrogel particles in the population of hydrogel particles have an average diameter greater than about 10% of the average diameter.
 41. The population of hydrogel particles of claim 40, wherein the nanoparticles encapsulated within the hydrogel have a diameter of about 100 nm. 